no6 MOROCCO 



ferers from the bombardment of Casablanca in 1907. This work was carried out by 

 an International Commission which after fourteen months labour awarded 447,000 

 as compensation, against a total of 1,060,000 claimed. Of the compensation money 

 148,000 was awarded to Moroccan subjects. A convention between Spain and 

 Morocco with regard to the frontiers of the presidio of Ceuta was signed on November 

 17, 1910. Morocco agreed to pay Spain, in 75 yearly instalments, 2,600,000 as 

 compensation for the expenses of the Riff campaign of 1909. 



Before the end of 1910, however, new trouble arose. Mulai Hafid remained in- 

 active at Fez and lost popularity because of his dependence upon France, while the 

 Berber hill tribes were roused to revolt by the exactions of his grand vizier El Glawi, 

 the head of a great Marrakesh clan, one of whose sons was Basha of that city. In 

 October 1910 the tribes around Fez rose against the Sultan and by the beginning of 



1911 the whole of northern Morocco was in an unsettled condition. Mequinez was 

 captured by the rebels, Mulai Zin, a brother of Mulai Hafid, being proclaimed Sultan 

 there. By March 1911 the situation was serious. The Sharada, Beni-Hassen and 

 other tribes proceeded to invest Fez and there was much fighting. The position of 

 Mulai Hafid and of the Europeans in the capital became one of discomfort, if not 

 of grave peril, and France decided to send a force to disperse the tribesmen. On 

 April 26 a small body under Commandant Bremond reached Fez after four days 

 hard fighting. On the same date France notified the signatories of the Act of Alge- 

 ciras of the measures she was taking to save the Europeans at Fez. Bremond's force 

 was insufficient to disperse the tribesmen who were gathered round the city, though 

 in numerous engagements he inflicted upon them heavy losses. Reinforcements 

 under General Monier reached Fez on May 21 and the siege was raised just as the 

 inhabitants were beginning to run short of food. Mulai Hafid received the French 

 troops as friends and with their aid the discomfiture of the rebel tribesmen around 

 Fez was completed, while El Glawi was dismissed from the Grand Yizierate. 



General Monier after the pacification of the Fez district proceeded to Mequinez, 

 and obtained the submission of Mulai Zin (June) who was taken to Fez and placed in 

 the Sultan's palace. Meantime General Tontee had pacified the region of the middle 

 Muluya, and all overt opposition to Mulai Hafid's authority was crushed. 



The action of France in occupying Fez was followed by the despatch (July i, 1911) 

 by the German Government of the gunboat " Panther " to the closed port of Agadir, 

 in Southern Morocco, the ostensible reason given being the peril in which German 

 employes and property were placed by disturbances in the Sus province. In reality 

 Germany challenged the whole position of France in Morocco, and by sending the 

 " Panther " to Agadir forced the reopening of negotiations regarding the situation. 

 The international crisis is discussed elsewhere (see under " International Affairs," 

 Part I: Sect. i). As far as Morocco itself was concerned, the position was defined 

 by the resulting Franco-German agreement of November 4, 1911. By this agreement 

 that of February 1909 was confirmed. France again agreed to safeguard economic 

 equality in Morocco, while Germany withdrew all opposition to French political action 

 in Morocco. An arrangement for the hearing by an arbitrator of complaints against 

 the French authorities in Morocco (when the consular authorities were unable to 

 settle them) was among the minor provisions of the new convention. 



Mulai Hafid accepted the new situation without public protest, and on March 30, 



1912 he signed a treaty with France which formally ended the independence of Morocco. 

 Mulai Hafid acknowledged a. French protectorate, which was also subsequently recog- 

 nised by the powers, who withdrew their diplomatic representatives. 1 In place of the 

 French minister (M. Regnault) General Lyautey was appointed Resident General. 

 He arrived in Fez on May 25, 1912, and was received by Mulai Hafid, who intimated 

 his desire to abdicate. His helplessness and the loss of the freedom of his country 

 greatly affected him. But the French refused at the time to sanction his abdication. 



'Sir Reginald Lister (1865-1912), British Minister to Morocco since October 1908, died 

 at Tangier on November 10, 1912. No successor was appointed. 



