izo8 NORWAY 



similar declarations. The consent of Great Britain was contingent on the suppression 

 of the consular regime in Egypt. 



Economic Conditions. Some progress has been made in mapping Morocco, but there 

 remain considerable tracts unvisited by Europeans. Trustworthy statistics of the popula- 

 tion are still lacking. The British Consul General in 1910 considered 5,000,000 to be approx- 

 imately the correct figure. Fez had a population of about 102,000, Rabat-Salli 47,000, 

 Tangier 46,000 (including 12,000 Jews and 9,000 Europeans), Tetuan 30,000 (including 

 7,000 Jews and 400 Europeans), Marrakesh 60,000, Casablanca 32,000 (including 5,500 

 Europeans), Mequinez 24,000. The development of the resources of the empire has been 

 retarded by the internal troubles, by the lack of railways, and the absence of good accom- 

 modation at the ports. Up to the close of 1912 practically none of the public works con- 

 templated by the Act of Algeciras (1906) had been begun, though the survey for a railway 

 from Tangier to Fez was undertaken. Only in the Shawia province (in French occupation 

 since 1907) has there been any development in agriculture on modern lines. A 2 ft. gauge 

 railway was built (1911-12) between Casablanca and Rabat. 



The total trade of Morocco in 1910 was valued at 6,456,000; imports 4,190,000; 

 exports 2,266,000. This was an increase of 542,000 or over 9% on the trade of 1909, 

 but this increase was due entirely to greater trade with Melilla and on the Algerian-Morocco 

 frontier, the trade at the ports being 573,000 less than in 1909 and 745,000 less than in 

 1908. The decline was largely attributable to shortage in the harvest, for Morocco being 

 a purely agricultural and pastoral country the purchasing power of the people depends on 

 the harvest. Barley, oxen and sheep, skins and hides, wool, almonds and eggs constitute 

 their main exports. At the ports (Melilla excepted) the imports, of which textiles and food 

 stuffs are the chief, totalled in value in 1910 2,468,000, a decrease of some 12 % compared 

 with 1909. The decline was more apparent than real as since 1909 a new method of levying 

 duty makes the average value of goods imported considerably less than in* former years. 

 The exports in 1910 were valued at i,575,ooo which compares with 1,807,000 in 1909. 

 The trade on the Algerian frontier was valued at i ,001 ,000 in 1910, an increase of 48 % over 

 the previous year. By this route two-thirds of the exports consist of live stock. In return 

 the Moors buy sugar, tea (more drunk in Morocco than coffee), flour and cotton and 

 woollen goods. Taking the whole trade of Morocco the British percentage fell from 39.6 

 in 1908 to 24.7 in 1910; the French percentage increased from 36.6 in 1908 to 41.8 in 1910; 

 the German percentage (which had been 14.1 in 1907) decreased from 10.9 in 1908 to 9.8 

 in 1910; the Spanish percentage rose from 5.3 in 1908 to 17.1 in 1910. These four countries 

 take between them over 93 % of the external trade of Morocco. A Franco-Italian declara- 

 tion of October 28, 1912 assured to Italy most favoured nation treatment in Morocco. 



The customs revenue at the ports (since 1910 under European control) is from 400,- 

 ooo to 500,000 a year. In 1912 the external indebtedness was 12,250,000. 



See Louis Gentil, Le Maroc Physique (Paris, 1912), an authoritative work; Morocco, 

 No. 4 (1911)," a British >Blue 'book, gives the text of recent treaties (London, 1911); 

 "L'Afrique Franchise" (Paris, monthly), the official organ of the Comite du Maroc; E. D. 

 Morel, Morocco in Diplomacy (London, 1912); Dr. R. Kerr, Morocco After Twenty-Five 

 Years (London, 1912); D. Mackenzie, The Khalifate of the West, (London, 1911); Von Otto 

 C. Artbauer, Kreuz und Quer durch Marokko (Stuttgart, 1911); P. Albin, Le " Coup" d'Agadir 

 (Paris, 1912), and the British Consular reports. (F. R. CANA.) 



NORWAY > 



Population. The resident population of Norway in 1910 (Dec. i) was 2,392,698, 

 or roughly an increase of 150,00x3 since 1900. The chief reasons of the smallness of this 

 growth are the heavy emigration to the United States (190,000 persons) during the 

 period, and the declining birth rate. The largest increase has taken place in the 

 northern, south-eastern and Trondhjem districts, coinciding practically with the de- 

 velopment of industrial enterprise, while in the midland peasant districts and the 

 coast districts in the south the population is stationary or declining. 



Since 1905 tourist traffic has developed beyond all previous records. A great num- 

 ber of new hotels have been opened, new and more modern conveyances have been sup- 

 plied including a number of motor cars, and on several lakes motor boats have been 

 introduced. The number of tourists is roughly put down at 50,000 per annum, and the 

 money brought into the country from this traffic is about 1,000,000. 



Railways. Since the completion of the Christiania-Bergen trunk line (Bergensbanen) 

 in the autumn of 1909 only a few new lines of minor importance have been opened for traffic. 

 The total length of Norwegian railways is now about 1920 miles, 1620 of which are owned 

 by the State. In 1908 the Storthing passed a new railway scheme for the construction of 



1 See E. B. xix, 799 et seq. 



