SIAM 



editor of the Orthodox Discourser. After the death of his wife and children he became a 

 monk, and in 1883 was made Archimandrite. In 1884 he became Inspector of the Kazan 

 Academy, and in 1 886 Professor in the Ecclesiastical Academy of St. Petersburg, and in 

 1893 Archbishop of Finland and member of the Most Holy Governing Synod, of which he was 

 President at the time of his death. He published several collections of his writings and 

 speeches. He was succeeded as Metropolitan of St. Petersburg and President of the Holy 

 Synod by Monsignor Vladimir, Metropolitan of Moscow. 



On February 7, 1912 the veteran Russian Field Marshal, and coadjutor of the Emperor 

 Alexander II in his liberal reforms, COUNT D. A. MILUTIN, died in the Crimea at the great 

 age of 96. He was for 20 years Minister of War, and one of the most distinguished statesmen 

 of the reign of the Tsar Emancipator. As Chief of the Military Staff of the Caucasus during 

 the Russian conquest of that country, Milutin was the author of the plan which led to the 

 capture of the elusive Shamyl in his mountain fastness at Gunib. He it was who radically 

 reformed the Russian army, military education and justice in the seventies of the last cen- 

 tury. He was always a warm advocate of representative government for Russia. His 

 complete retirement took place in 1881. 



ADMIRAL DUBASOV, a well-known Russian naval officer, who was chosen by the Tsar to 

 suppress the insurrection at Moscow in 1905, died in June 1912, aged 67. He first distin- 

 guished himself and at once became popular as the hero of the only naval exploit of which the 

 Russians were able to boast in the Russo-Turkish campaign of 1877-78, when as a young 

 lieutenant in company with Lieutenant Shestakov he succeeded in sinking the Turkish 

 ironclad "Seifi" by means of a mine. He was sent to occupy Port Arthur and Dalny, and 

 also to Paris as Russian delegate to the International Commission of Enquiry into the Dogger 

 Bank incident. In 1905 the Emperor appointed him to put a stop to agrarian outrage and 

 armed revolt in the provinces of Chernigov, Kursk and Poltava. As Governor General of 

 Moscow he showed great courage against the revolutionists. His life was twice attempted, 

 but he only received an injury to his left foot, which, however, soon caused him to retire. 



On December 13, 1911 the death took place of Professor BEKETOV, an eminent Russian 

 professor of chemistry who enjoyed a European reputation. 



Professor SERGE MUROMTSEFF, President of the first State Duma, and a party to the 

 famous Viborg Manifesto, died at Moscow on October 17, 1910; YURY NICHOLAIVICH 

 MILUTIN, the founder of the well-known political party of Octobrists, died on Jan. 21, 1912; 

 and MRS. ANNA FILOSOPHOVA, the Russian champion of ^women's rights and promoter of 

 higher female education, died on March 30, 1912. 



The deaths may also be recorded of NICOLAS DMITRIEVICH, Count OSTEN-SACKEN 

 (b. 1831; d. May 22, 1912), Russian minister successively at Darmstadt, Munich, and finally 

 at Berlin from 1895 until his death; and of GEORGE ROMANOWSKI, fifth Duke of LEUCHTEN- 

 BERG (b. 1852; d. May 5, 1912), formerly a Russian officer, who was a descendant of Eugene 

 de Beauharnais (see E. B. iii, 588c), and son of a Russian Grand-duchess. 



(GEORGE E. DOBSON.) 



SIAM ' 



The treaty of 1907 with France reduced the area of Siam from 240,000 to 215,000 

 sq. m. approximately. In 1909 a treaty was concluded with Great Britain, ceding the 

 Malay Protectorates of Trengganu, Kelantan, Kedah and Perlis to that country. This 

 reduced the approximate area of the Kingdom to 198,900 sq. m. At the same time 

 Great Britain agreed to a modification of the extra-territorial rights of British subjects, 

 and Siam obtained from the Federated Malay States Government on favourable terms 

 a loan for the construction of the Peninsular Railway. The new frontier in the Malay 

 Peninsula was in due course delimitated by a joint commission. The total popula- 

 tion in 1910 numbered 7,561,977. The capital, Bangkok, has a population of 628,675. 



Siam is purely an agricultural country, rice accounting for some 84 percent of the total 

 value of the exports. Up to 1910 there was evidence of a fairly steady growth in the culti- 

 vated area. This connoted a growing revenue and a prosperous trade. But a poor crop for 

 three years due to unfavourable climatic conditions and the want of any system of irrigation 

 has temporarily given a serious check to the growth of trade and caused a certain amount 

 of distress. The rice export was 1,051,836 tons in 1910-11, and 627,468 tons in 1911-12. 



The imports for 1910-11 were valued at 68,205,328 ticals (13 licals approximately = l), 

 and the exports at 108,909,811 ticals. 



The bulk of the trade is carried out with the two great transhipment ports of Singapore 

 and Hongkong, without any indication of where the goods come from or go to. The esti- 

 mated revenue for 1911-12 was ticals 62,320,000, as compared with ticals 60,523,520 for 

 the previous year. The main sources of revenue are: Opium (io| millions), Land and 

 Fishery Taxes (8 millions), Capitation Taxes (7.3 millions), Spirits (6.2 millions), Customs 

 (6 millions), Railway Traffic (4.2 millions), Lottery Farm (3.6 millions), Gambling Farms 



1 See E. B. xxv, 2 et seq. 



