SPAIN n 35 



(3.5 millions), and Forests, Octroi, Slaughter Licence Fees, Mines, Miscellaneous Fees, and 

 Licences (all over one million). 



The expenditure chargeable to revenue for 1911-12 amounted to deals 62,235,539, as 

 compared with deals 60,522,962 for 1910-11. In 1911-12 the expenditure chargeable to 

 loan account (railway construction and Bangkok Water Works) amounted to ticals 9,820,838, 

 while in the same year the expenditure chargeable to treasury reserve was ticals 1,854,231. 

 The Ministry of War (with army) for 1911-12 was estimated to cost ticals 11,365,460 and 

 the navy ticals 4,000,000. The King's civil list amounts to ticals 7,000,000 and that of the 

 Queen Mother to ticals 300,000. The foreign debt amounts to 4,000,000 bearing interest 

 at 4^ per cent. 



The length of state railways open to traffic is 607 miles. The southern line down the 

 Peninsula to connect with the line to Singapore is under construction, and it has been decided 

 to resume the construction of the northern line to Chiengmai. In 1912 a Ministry of 

 Communications was formed, but the development of roads and waterways must depend on 

 a return of prosperity and a growing revenue. 



After the longest and most illustrious reign in the history of the country, King 

 Chulalongkorn died on October 23, 1910, and was succeeded by his son, the Crown 

 Prince, under the style and title of Somdetch Phra Paramendr Maha Vajiravudh, Phra 

 Mongkut Klao, King of Siam. The coronation in December 1911 brought together 

 the largest gathering of European royalties ever seen in Asia. The new King is not less 

 an absolute monarch than his predecessor. But the note of the new reign may be found 

 in the royal decree making the very considerable personal property of the King subject 

 to the same taxation as that to which the property of a subject is liable, and in the 

 effort made to stimulate patriotism and a national consciousness by the " Wild Tiger " 

 and " Boy Scout " movements. Siam, however, has not been able to escape the general 

 unrest, and, largely as a reflex from the successful revolution in China, an anti-dynastic 

 conspiracy was hatched early in 1912. This, however, was promptly checkmated and 

 punished, but without undue severity. Local self-government, dealing chiefly with 

 sanitation and education, is being attempted in districts in the interior provinces. 

 Conscription is now enforced throughout the country, both for army and police, and the 

 army organisation is thorough and successful. 



A national system of education is in process of organisation and it has been decided 

 to establish a university. At present there is in Bangkok one school in which the final 

 examination reaches the standard of the matriculation examinations at London Univer- 

 sity. A beginning is being made to make elementary education compulsory for boys. 

 The education of girls is not yet general. 



In the administration of justice, under the treaties with Great Britain and France, 

 European lawyers play an important part as advisers and judges, and the system is 

 found to work satisfactorily. 



See W. A. Graham, Siam: A Handbook of Practical, Commercial and Political Information 

 (London, 1912); Rev. Daniel McGilvary, D.D., A Half Century Among the Siamese and the 

 Lao (New York, Fleming H. Revell Co., 1912); Rev. J. H. Freeman, An Oriental Land of the 

 Free (New York, 1910). (W. H. MUNDIE.) 



SPAIN 1 



In 1910 the population of Spain was 19,588,688, an increase of 970,602 since the census 

 of 1900. The populations of the chief towns were as follows: Madrid 571,539; Barcelo- 

 na 560,000; Valencia 233,348; Seville 155,366; Malaga 133,045; Murcia 124,985; Sara- 

 gossa 105,788. The census showed that 63.7 per cent of the population were illiterate, 

 a high figure, yet a marked improvement on 1 900. In 1 9 1 1 the total State expenditure^ 

 on education and art was 2,340,000 (58,524,586 p.), of which 1,266,000 (31,664,746 p.) 

 were spent on public and primary education. 



Agriculture. The crop-returns for 1911 were in most cases the best for the five years 

 1907-11, wheat yielding 4,000,000 tons, as compared with 3,740,000 tons in 1910. The 

 barley, oats and maize crops were also excellent, while the increase in olive oil and olives 

 amounted to 200 per cent for the year in the latter case, however, the 1910 harvest had 



1 See E. B. xxv, 527 et seq. 



2 Conversion is made throughout at the approximate rate 'of 1-25 pesetas, but a 

 considerable deduction has to be made owing to depreciation. 



