n 4 o SWEDEN 



are in America, and 370,000 in Finland. Immigrants to Sweden in 1910 numbered 

 8,142, chiefly labourers for agriculture and the mining and manufacturing industries. 



Agriculture. Of the total land area 3.5% is meadow land, 50.85% forest land 36.9% 

 unproductive land, and 8.75% cultivated land. The cultivated land comprises 3.633,534 

 hektar (about 8,992,996 acres). The rather large percentage of unproductive land includes 

 mountains, marshes and bogs, but the last-named are being reclaimed as a result of the 

 work carried on by the Swedish Moss Culture Society, of Jonkoping (founded 1886). About 

 47.6% of the cultivated land is under cereals, chiefly oats and rye; 34% fodder; 5.7% root 

 crops (about three-quarters potatoes and one-quarter sugar beet); 1.3% garden and other 

 produce; and 1 1.4 % fallow. A considerable quantity of fresh fruit is imported into Sweden, 

 but lately a revival of fruit growing has taken place, and experiments in fruit export have 

 even been made. A society for the promotion of fruit growing (Svenska Pomologiska 

 Foreningen, Atvidaberg) has established a Swedish fruit brand, on the same basis as the 

 Swedish " Rune" butter brand. To facilitate the gathering and exportation of cranberries, 

 the bulk of which go to Germany, the interests are being concentrated. 



On an average there are 104 horses per thousand inhabitants and 495 cattle. The 

 average of sheep and pigs is 230 and 155 per thousand inhabitants respectively. The milk 

 production is about 2,852 million kilogrammes per annum, equal to 1,891 kilogrammes per 

 cow or 549 kilogrammes per head of population. The dairy industry is rapidly developing 

 and the export of butter, and recently casein, is steadily growing. Sweden is again taking a 

 high place in the manufacture of dairy machinery, as several practical milking machines, 

 which have won praise all over the world, have been placed on the market. Pig breeding 

 was taken up during 1910-1 1 on a larger scale than hitherto, and the bacon export is becom- 

 ing important. 



A law was enacted in 1909 for the protection of natural monuments and the creation of 

 national parks. Extensive areas, mostly in the northern provinces of Sweden (e. g. the 

 neighbourhoods of the great fall Stora Sjofallet, the Sarjek Mountains, and the tourist 

 station Abisko), have been proclaimed national parks under the supervision of the Royal 

 Academy of Science. Hunting, fishing, building, etc., are generally prohibited there. 



Industries and Manufactures. In a country where forests cover half the area it is only 

 natural that the sawmill industry should be the most important. Sawn and planed timber 

 still heads the export list, although the output is slowly decreasing, giving way to the more 

 lucrative wood-pulp industry. The erection of new pulp mills, both for mechanical and 

 chemical (sulphate and sulphite) pulp, continues and the output is now considerable. Until 

 recent years the power of the waterfalls which abound in Sweden was not harnessed, except 

 for water-wheels and small factories. The power obtainable from the waterfalls amounts 

 to between three and four million horse power, but only 100,000 horse power is at present 

 utilized. However, the falls are being developed, and by means of water turbines and elec- 

 tric power stations and a network of electric cables cheap power is supplied for many in- 

 dustrial undertakings. A remarkable instance of the utilization of water power is to be 

 found at Trollhattan, where the famous falls drive many new and important works. 



The total output of manufactures from 11,435 factories and mills, not including mines 

 and iron works, for 1910 aggregated 88,087,000. 



Mining. The following figures relate to 1911. The total production of iron ore from 

 278 mines amounted to 6,150,718 metric tons, the largest output on record. The figures 

 for 1910 were 5,549,987 tons, which were again an increase of 42.90% on the figures for 

 1909. The average value of the iron ore shows an appreciation of 6.2 %. The total number 

 employed in the iron ore industry was 10,461. Of other ores^-chicfly zinc, but also silver, 

 copper and lead 45,884 metric tons were obtained from 30 mines. The production of zinc 

 at the new electric smelting works at Trollhattan is of special interest, and 2,123,641 kilo- 

 grammes, valued at 1,106,958 kronor, were produced by this novel process. 



Commerce. Exports in 1910 reached 32,574,900 and in 1911 aggregated 36,428,600. 

 The values of the principal exports and imports for 1910 were: Timber, 9,901,168; wood 

 P ll 'p, 3.993-482; iron and steel, 3,795,162; butter, 2,425,956; iron ore, 2,369,521; 

 paper and cardboard, i ,770,753; machinery and implements, 2,209,642 ; matches, 651 ,309. 



Of the total exports, Great Hritain takes about 32 % and Germany about 21 %. 



Imports for 1910 were valued at 36,902,900, and for 1911 38,241,800. The value of 

 principal imports in 1910 was: Coal and coke, 3,367,924; grain and flour, 3,020,367; 

 coffee, 1,657,195; tissues, 2,093,999; metals, 3,665,313; machinery, 1,433,859; wool and 

 yarn, 1,250,652; oil cakes, 976,838; 'cotton yarn and thread 1,781,349; artificial fer- 

 tilizers, 828,591; India rubber, 552,558. 



Of the imports, Germany sends about 35i %, and Great Britain 25%. 



Finance. In the 1913 budget revenue and expenditure were estimated at 14,511,500, 

 as against 14,131,700 in the 1912 budget. The principal sources of income are customs, 

 income and other taxes, sugar and spirit duties, and railways. The expenditure on the 

 army and navy aggregates 4,541,434, and the other important item is education. . 



The national debt in 1911 was 33,672,009, as against 29,857,024 in 1910. By the end 



