ii48 SWITZERLAND 



sum of money) by the French Company to the canton of Geneva, which passed them over 

 on the same conditions to the Swiss State Railways. This arrangement was to take effect 

 on January i, 1913, but the French Railway Company (against payment) was to have the 

 right of joint user of the Cornavin station and to pay half the expenses of its upkeep. On 

 the other hand the scheme for the connecting ("raccordement") of the Cornavin station 

 with the Eaux Vives station (for P.L.M. lines to Chamonix and Savoy); 6 miles distant, 

 but involving bridges over the Rhone and the Arve, was to be carried out at the joint expense 

 (estimated at nearly I million sterling) of the Confederation (f ) and of the canton of Geneva. 



According to the Federal census of 1910, the town of Geneva numbered 57,519 foreigners 

 among its inhabitants, while the native-born Genevese were .only 3,631 more than the Swiss 

 from other cantons. 



Bibliography, 1909-1912. The 4th Vol. (1648-1798) of J. Dierauer's authoritative 

 Geschichte der schweiz. Eidgenossenschaft appeared at Gotha in 1912, thus worthily com- 

 pleting this great work. In 1910 W. Oechsli published at Zurich a new edition of his excellent 

 Quellenbuch. W. Raustein's Die schweiz. Halbkantone, ihre Entstehung und Rechtsstellung 

 (Zurich, 1912) is important for the earlier constitutional history of Switzerland, as is J. 

 Schollenberger's Die schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft von 1874 bis auf die Gegenwart (Berlin, 

 1910), a continuation of his Die Schweiz seit 184.8 (Berlin, 1908) for later times, which are 

 also illustrated in J. Winiger's life of Josef Zemp, 1834-1908 (Lucerne, 1910). Very early 

 Swiss history is represented by A. Schenk, La Suisse Prehistorique (Lausanne, 1912), by 

 P. E. Martin, Etudes critiques sur la Suisse a I'epoque Merovingienne, 554-715 (Geneva, 

 1910), and by M. Besson, L'Art barbare dans I'ancien diocese de Lausanne (Lausanne, 1909). 

 A popularly written Swiss history is L, Suter's Schweizer Geschichte fur Schule und Haus 

 (Einsiedeln, 1912). 



Obituary. JEAN HENRI DUNANT, a well-known writer (b. 1828), died on the 3Oth of 

 October, 1910; his book Un Souvenir de Solferino (1862) led to the Geneva convention! of 

 1864 and the founding of the Red Cross Society. ARTHUR DE CLAPAREDE (b. 1852), who died 

 on December 13, 1911, was a leading Swiss geographer, who since 1887 had been several 

 times president of the Geographical Society of Geneva, and also presided over the Inter- 

 national Congress of Geography there. FRANQOIS ALPHONSE FOREL, the physician and 

 physiographer (b. 1841), died at Merges, on the 7th of August, 1912; he was the inventor 

 of Forel's xanthometer used in oceanography (see E. B. xix, 980), and (with Prof. Rossi) 

 of a seismic scale (see E. B. viii, 818) for measuring earthquake shocks; he wrote an authori- 

 tative work on the Lake of Geneva (see E. B. xi, 593), and also on limnology generally 

 (Handbuch der Seenkunde), our present knowledge of "seiches" being almost wholly due 

 to him. (VV. A. B. COOLIDGE.) 



The Alps. 1 



A number of new mountain railways have been opened recently in the Alps. Some 

 lead to the summits of peaks, e.g. the Niesen, 7,763 ft. (Group 6), opened in 1910, 

 and the Monte Mottarone, 4,892 ft. (Group 7) near Stresa, opened in 1911, as was also 

 that up the Monte Bre, 3,061 ft. (Group 6) near Lugano. Some lines lead over moun- 

 tain passes, e.g. the Bernina Pass, 7,645 ft. (Group 10), opened in instalments between 

 1908 and 1910, and the Jaufen Pass, 6,870 ft. (Group 15), opened in 1911; but that 

 (opened 1912) up to the Jungfraujoch, 11,385 ft. (Group 6), leads only on the Bernese 

 side up to the summit of the pass, where is now the loftiest railway station in the Alps. 

 The electric line over the Seefekl or Scharnitz Pass (3,874 ft., Group 13) from Inns- 

 bruck by Zirl and Partenkirchen to Reutte was also opened in 1912 it connects 

 the Tirol with Bavaria. It was expected that the Lotschberg line would be opened 

 in 1913 in all its length from PVutigen to Brieg, but it passes below the Lotschen Pass, 

 8,842 ft. (Group 6). The piercing of the main tunnel was completed on March 31, 

 1911. 



Among carriage roads below passes that of the Col du Parpaillon, 9,193 ft. (Group 

 3), built 1891-1901, should be mentioned, but is only a military road from La Conda- 

 minc, on the Col de 1'Argentiere road, to Embrun, and is not well kept up. This road 

 is the second highest in the Alps (next after that over the Stelvio, 9,055 ft.); the tunnel 

 is at a height of 8,554 ft. (the pass is 9,193 ft.), while the tunnel beneath the Col du 

 Calibicr, 8,721 ft. (Group 3), is pierced at an elevation of 8,366 ft. only. 



It is proposed to instal two wireless telegraph stations on two Alpine summits 

 the Santis (8,216 ft., Group 9) and the Zugspitze (9,738 ft., Group 13), on the water- 

 shed between Tirol and Bavaria. (VV. A. B. COOLIDGE.) 



1 See E. B. \, 737 el seq. 



