1152 



TURKEY 



ooo; the exports at 16,105,000 in 1909-10, and at 19,440,000 in 1910-11. The following 

 table gives the imports and exports according to countries: 



In 1911 the imports from the United Kingdom amounted to 9,729,690, and the exports 

 to the United Kingdom to 5,541,125. Principal imports from the United Kingdom: cotton 

 goods 6,229,937; woollen goods 704,150; machinery 375,274; and coal 352,708. 

 Principal exports to the United Kingdom: barley i, 397,443; tobacco 408,412; wool 

 404,318; opium 274,140; raisins 526,728; figs 225,736; and oranges 240,864. 



Shipping. The merchant navy of Turkey consisted in 1911 of 1,083 vessels of 272,519 

 tons, of which 120 vessels of 66,878 tons were steamers, and 963 vessels of 205,641 tons were 

 sailing vessels. In 1910 there entered and cleared at Constantinople 20,268 vessels of an 

 aggregate tonnage of 19,153,951 tons, of which 8,225,104 tons were British. 



Authorities. Sir W. M. Ramsay, The Revolution in Constantinople and Turkey (London, 

 1909); P. Siebertz, Albanien und die Albanesen (Vienna, 1910); A. Philippson, Reisen und 

 Forschungen in westlichen Kleinasien (Gotha, 1910); Sir Edwin Pears, Turkey and its People 

 (London, 1911); Sir W. Willcocks, The Irrigation of Mesopotamia (London, 1911); Hakki 

 Bey, De Stamboul a Bagdad (Paris, 1911) (0. BRILLIANT.) 



HISTORY, 1909-191 2 1 



On the 27th of April 1909, in the grand saloon of the War Office at Stamboul, Prince 

 Mahommed Rcshad, as Sultan Mahommed V, received the homage of the Young Turk 

 politicians and generals amid the acclamations of Mahmud Shevket Pasha's 

 troops from Salonica. The Ottoman Senate and Chamber, acting on a 

 fetwa of the Shcikh-ul-Islam, had voted the deposition of Abdul-Hamid II 

 and that same night he was sent to Salonica and interned in the Villa 

 Allatini, a residence assigned at first to the Conte de Robilanti, the Italian general en- 

 gaged in reorganising the Macedonian gendarmerie. 



It might have been thought that the triumph of Young Turkey, and the renewal of 



the Ottoman Empire on the lines of the Japanese Renaissance, were now assured. The 



swift mobilisation of the Macedonian troops, the amazing dash for Con- 



'' 1/0 " n ^, stantinople, and the surrender of the city within twenty-four hours, won 



la power. the highest opinions in Europe for the Ottoman army and Mahmud Shevket 



Pasha. The fanatical and reactionary party seemed silenced and subdued 



for good, terror-stricken as they were by the summary executions of those who plotted 



the assassinations of Vpril i3th, and by the sentences of exile and penal servitude passed 



on Abdul-Hamid^s creatures. On May 5th Tewfik Pasha was appointed ambassador 



to London, and was succeeded as Grand Vizier by Hussein Hilmi Pasha, who had 



worked for a long time on the Macedonian Finance Committee with the delegates of the 



Great Powers, and so had had a training in European methods. He con- 



Hussela structed a Cabinet entirely of Young Turks, among them notably Talaat 



Cabinet. Bey (minister of the Interior), Djavid Bey (Finance), and Halladjian 



Effendi (Public Works), and completed the work of foreign collaboration. 



M. Laurent, formerly president of the French Cour des Comptes, had already been 



appointed financial adviser to the Ottoman Empire; Admiral Sir Douglas Gamble was 



at work on the reorganisation of the navy, and General von der Goltz on the army. 



1 See E. B. xxvii, 442 el seq. 



