GOVERNMENT AND LAW. 



29 



stitution snail be as valid against the United 

 States under this Constitution as under the 

 Confederation. 



2. This Constitution and the laws of the 

 United States which shall be made in pursuance 

 thereof and all treaties made, or which shall 

 be made, under the authority of the United 

 States, shall be the supreme law of the land, 

 and the judges in every State shall be bound 

 thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws 

 of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 



3. The Senators and Representatives before 

 mentioned, and the members of the several 

 State Legislatures, and all executive and judi- 

 cial officers, both of the United States and of the 

 several States, shall be bound by oath or af- 

 firmation to support this Constitution ; but no 

 religious test shall ever be required as a quali- 

 fication to any office or public trust under the 

 United States. 



ARTICLE VII. 



The ratification of the Conventions of nine 

 States shall be sufficient for the establishment 

 of this Constitution between the States so rati- 

 fying the same. 



Amendments to the Constitution. 



ARTICLE I. 



Congress shall make no law respecting an 

 establishment of religion, or prohibiting the 

 free exercise thereof ; or abridging the free- 

 dom of speech or of the press ; or the right of 

 the people peaceably to assemble, and to peti- 

 tion the Government for a redress of griev- 

 ances. 



ARTICLE II. 



A well-regulated militia being necessary to 

 the security of a free State, the right of the 

 people to keep and bear arms shall not be in- 

 fringed. 



ARTICLE III. 



No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quar- 

 tered in any house without the consent of the 

 owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to 

 be prescribed by law. 



ARTICLE IV. 



The right of the people to be secure in their 

 persons, houses, papers, and effects, against 

 unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not 

 be violated, and no warrants shall issue but 

 upon probable cause, supported by oath or af- 

 firmation, and particularly describing the place 

 to be searched, and the persons or things to be 

 seized. 



ARTICLE V. 



No person shall be held to answer f6r a cap- 

 ital or other infamous crime unless on a pre- 



sentment or indictment of a grand jury, except 

 in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or 

 in the militia, when in actual service, in time 

 of war or public danger ; nor shall any person 

 be subject for the same offense to be twice put 

 in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be com- 

 pelled in any criminal case to be a witness 

 against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, 

 or property, without due process of law ; nor 

 shall private property be taken for public use 

 without just compensation. 



ARTICLE VI. 



In all criminal prosecutions, the accused 

 shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public 

 trial, by an impartial jury of the State and dis- 

 trict wherein the crime shall have been com- 

 mitted, which district shall have been previously 

 ascertained by law, and to be informed of the 

 nature and cause of the accusation ; to be con- 

 fronted with the witnesses against him ; to have 

 compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in 

 his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel 

 for his defense. 



ARTICLE VII. 



In suits at common law, where the value in 

 controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the 

 right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and 

 no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re- 

 examined in any court of the United States 

 than according to the rules of the common 

 law. 



ARTICLE VIII. 



Excessive bail shall not be required, nor ex- 

 cessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual 

 punishments inflicted. 



ARTICLE IX. 



The enumeration in the Constitution of cer- 

 tain rights shall not be construed to deny or 

 disparage others retained by the people. 



ARTICLE X. 



The powers not delegated to the United 

 States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by 

 it to the States, are reserved to the States re- 

 spectively, or to the people. 



ARTICLE XI. 



The judicial power of the United States shall 

 not be construed to extend to any suit in law 

 or equity, commenced or prosecuted against 

 one of the United States, by citizens of another 

 State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign 

 State. 



ARTICLE XII. 



The electors shall meet in their respective 

 States, and vote by ballot for President and 

 Vice-President, one of whom at least shall not 

 be an inhabitant of the same State with them- 

 selves ; they shall name in their ballots th 



