124 



THE CENTURA BOOK OF FACTS. 



would 

 Example. James said lit? A 1|(! home to-night. 



The Index or Hand J points out some- 



The Breve [ v ] is used to denote either a 

 close vowel or a syllable of short quantity. 



rpi -n f r -i jj.i * ne Jnuex ur JIUHU \ ii-ja i IHJIUIS uuii some* 



The Alacroit \ - 1 is used to denote either an ,, . 



, nil 1 1 thing remarkable, or what the reader should 



open vowel or a syllable of long quantity. 



mv. rv r-i i j AU i a r I 'articularlv observe. 



The Duxresu f J is placed over the latter or 1 ,. . J .. . 



i , L , J ,1 . , , 1 lie Brace [-^"^^1 serves to unite a triplet, 



,wo vowels to show that thev are to be pro- 



or to connect several terms to something to 



two vowels to show that they are to be pro 

 nounced in separate syllables, as aerial.. In Ger- 

 man this character is called the Umlaut, and 

 denotes a modification of the sound of a vowel 

 over which it is placed, peculiar to the Ger- 

 manic languages. 



The Cedilla [ , ] is placed under the letter c 

 to give it the sound of s before a or o ; as in 

 the -words facade, A ten fan. 



The Tilde [ ~ ] is placed over the letter /< in 

 Spanish words to give it the sound of ny ; as, 

 senor, minon. 



OTHER MARKS. The Ellipsis or Suppression 

 denotes the omission of some letters or words. 



Examples. K- 

 Graham; ^V. . . . 

 Humph rev. 



;, for King; O * * * * in, for 

 for Adams; H m hr y, for 



The Caret, used only in writing, shows 

 where to insert words or letters that have 



been accidentally omitted. 



which they are all related. 

 Examples. 



( Nominative. 

 Case ] Possessive. 

 Objective. 



f\V. Brown. 



pommittw J H - Iones - 

 Committee * R Smith 



mt 



M. .Mills. 



The Section [ ] marks the smaller divisions 

 of a book or chapter, and, with the help of 

 numbers, serves to abridge references. 



The J'uragrajrft [11 ] denotes the commence- 

 ment of a new subject. The parts of discourse 

 which are called paragraphs are in general suf- 

 ficiently distinguished by beginning anew line 

 and carrying the first word a little backwards. 



Leaders [ ] are used in contents 



and indexes of books and similar matter to 

 lead the eye to the end of the line for Hie 

 completion of the sense. 



% 



Example. Wharf age, ............................ $60. 



Marks in Proof Reading. 



THOUGH several differing opinions exist as to 

 the individual by wi(om the art of printing was ' 

 first discovered; yet all authorities concur in 

 admitting Peter Schoeffer 'to be the person* 

 . who invented cast metal types, having learned 

 4 t)j the art ef of cutting the letters from the Gu- 

 ';/ tenbergs/ he is also supposed to have been 

 # the first whoengraved on copper plates. The'/-/ 

 following testimony is preseved in the family, * jy 

 * by * Jo. ' Fred. ^Faustus, ' of ^Ascheffenburg : 

 tot i ft' Peter SrhoefTer, of Gernsheim, perceiving 



his master Fausts design, and being himself 

 "/. f3esirouF\ ardently] to improve the art, found 

 out (by the good providence of God) the 

 method of cutting (itteidtatfi) the characters 

 in a matrix, that the letters might easily be 

 **) singly cast J instead of bieng cut. He pri- 

 *J^ vately cut ntatrite^for the whole alphabet: 



Faust was so pleased with the contrivan 

 ^^at he promised Inter to give him luVonly 

 ' daughter Christina in marriage, JK promise ' ^C s 



""which he soon after performed. 



^f x 



''^i ' But there were many/difficulties at first *** '' 



with these letters, asxhere had been before 3 <^ //* 



. with wooden oneXihe metal being too soft ' ^ J 



+ + S s-*. <J/u(. 



to support th^Torce of the im pression : but '"" 



this defecr was soon remedied, by mixing 



tance with the metal which sufficiently 'Vfc. 

 i Q harened it/ 



.ana zvtoen, 



ccut /loin 



THOUGH several differing opinions exist as to 

 the individual by whom the art of printing was 

 first discovered; yet all authorities concur in 

 admitting PETER SCHOEFFER to be the 

 person who invented cast metal types, having 

 learned the art of cutting the letters from the 

 Gutenbergs : he is also supposed to have been 

 the first who engraved on copper-plates. The 

 following testimony is preserved in the family, 

 by Jo. Fred. Faustus, of Ascheffenburg: 



' PETER SCHOEFFER. of Gernsheim, perceiv- 

 ing his master Faust's design, and being him- 

 self ardently desirous to improve the art, found 

 out (by the good providence of God) the 

 method of cutting (incidendi) the characters in 

 a matrix, that the letters might easily be singly 

 cast, instead of being cut. He privately cut 

 matrices for the whole alphabet : and when he 

 showed his master the letters cast from these 

 matrices, Faust was so pleased with the con- 

 trivance, that he promised Peter to give him 

 his only daughter Christina in marriage, a 

 promise which he soon after performed. But 

 there were as many difficulties at first with 

 thes,e letters, as there had been before with 

 wooden ernes, the metal being too soft to sup- 

 port the force of the impression : but this defect 

 was soon refnedied. by mixing the metal with 

 a substance which sufficiently hardened h,' 



