200 



THE CENTURY BOOK OF FACTS. 



rain, and seasons. He was represented as sit- 

 ting. on a splendid throne, with acrown of gold 

 adorned with twelve glittering stars, and a 

 scepter in his right hand. 



Friday was sacred to Friga Hertha or 

 Edith the mother of the gods and wife of 

 Woden. She was the goddess of love and 

 pleasure and was portrayed as a female with a 

 naked sword in her right hand and a bow in 

 her left hand, implying that in extreme cases 

 women should fight as well as men. 



Saturday was named in honor of Saeter, 

 who is the Roman Saturnus. He was repre- 

 sented on a pedestal, standing on the back of 

 a prickly fish called a perch, his head bare, with 

 a thin, meager face. In his left hand he held 

 a wheel and in his right a pail of water with 

 fruits and flowers. The sharp fins of the fish 

 implied that the worshipers of Saeter should 

 pass safely through every difficulty. The 

 wheel was emblematic of their unity and 

 freedom, and the pail of water implied that 

 he could water the earth and make it more 

 beautiful. 



Anniversaries. 



DATES OF HISTORICAL EVENTS CUSTOMARILY 



OR OCCASIONALLY OBSERVED. 

 Jan. 1. Emancipation Proclamation by Lincoln, 1863. 

 Jan. 8. Battle of New Orleans, 1815. 

 Jan. 17. Franklin born, 1706. 

 Jan. 17. Battle of the Cowpens, S. C., 1781. 

 Jan. 18. Daniel Webster born, 1782. 

 Jan. 19. Robert E. Lee born, 1807. 

 Jan. 27. German Emperor born, 1859. 

 Feb. 12. Abraham Lincoln born. 1809. 

 Feb. 15. Battle-ship Maine blown up, 1898. 

 Feb. 22. George Washington born, 1732. 

 Feb. 22-23. Battle of Buena Vista, 1847. 

 March 5. Boston Massacre, 1770. 

 March 15. Andrew Jackson born. 1767. 

 March 18. Grover Cleveland born, 1837. 

 April 1. Bismarck born, 1815. 

 April 9. Lee surrendered at Appomattox, 1805. 

 April 12. Fort Sumter fired upon, 1861. 

 April 12. Henry Clay born, 1777. 

 April 13. Thomas Jefferson born, 1743. 

 April 14. Lincoln assassinated, 1865. 

 April 19. Primrose Day in England, Lord Reaconstield 



died, 1881. 



April 19. Battles of Lexington and Concord, 1775. 

 April 23. Shakespeare born, 1504. 

 April 27. General Grant born, 1822. 

 April 30. Washington was inaugurated nrst President, 



1789. 

 May 1. Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila, 



May 13. First English settlement in America at James- 

 town, 1607. 



May 13. The Society of the Cincinnati was organized 

 by officers of the Revolutionary Army, 1783. 



,May 20. Mecklenburg, N. C., Declaration of Independ- 

 ence, 1775. 



May 24. Queen Victoria born, 1819. 



June 6. General Nathaniel Greene born, 1742. 



June 15. King John granted Magna Charta at Runnv- 

 mede, 1215. 



June 17. Battle of Bunker Hill, 1775. 



June 18. Battle of Waterloo, 1815. 



June 28. Battle of Fort Moultrie, Charleston, S.C., 1776. 



July 1. Dominion Day in Canada . 



July 1-2. General assault on Santiago de Cuba, 1898. 



July 1-3. Battle of Gettysburg, 1863. 



July 3. Cervera's fleet was destroyed off Santiago, 

 1898. 



July 4. Declaration of Independence,' 1 770. 



July 14. The Bastille was destroyed, 1789. 



: July 16. Santiago surrendered, 1898. 



July 21. Battle of Bull Run, 161. 



Aug. 13. Manila surrendered to the Americans, 1898. 



Aug. 16. Battle of Bennington, Vt., 1777. 

 ! Sep. 1. Capitulation of Sedan, 1870. 



Sep. 8. Battle of Eutaw Springs, S. C., 1781. 



Sep. 10. Battle of Lake Erie, Perry's victory, 1813. 



Sep. 11. Battle of Lake Champlain, McDonough's vic- 

 tory, 1814. 



Sep. 13. Battle of Chapultepec, 1847. 

 . Sep. 14. City of Mexico taken by the U. S. troops, 1847. 



Sep. 17. Battle of Antietam, 1862. 



Sep. 19-20. Battle of Chickamauga, 18F3. 



Sep. 20. Italians occupied Rome, 1870. 



Oct. 7. Battle of King's Mountain, N. C., 1780 



Oct. 8-11. Great fire of Chicago, 1871. 

 ! Oct. 12. Columbus discovered America, 1492. 



Oct. 17. Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga, 1777. 

 ; Oct. 19. Corn wall is surrendered at Yorktown, 1781. 

 j Nov. 5. Guy Fawkes Day in England. The Gunpow- 

 der Plot disco'vered, 1604. 



Nov. 9. Great fire of Boston, 1872. 



Nov. Id. Martin Luther born, 1483. 



Nov. 25. British evacuated New York, 1783. 



Dec. 2. Battle of Austerlitz, 1805. 



Dec. 14. Washington died. 1799. 

 i Dec. 16. Boston "Tea Party," 1773. 



Dec. 16. The great fire in New York, 1835. 



Dec. 22. Mayflower pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock. 

 1620. 



Dec.25-26. Battle of Trenton, N. J., 1776. 



Dec. 29. William Ewart Gladstone born, 1809. 



The First Day of the Year. 



Readers of Parish Registers and other ancient docu- 

 rnents are sometimes puzzled by the dates, and espe- 

 cially by the apparent discrepancies in the time when 

 the year commenced. It began : 



7th to 14th Centuries, at Christmas. 



12th Century, by the Church, on March 25. 



14th Century, by Civilians, same time. 

 In 1752 the New Style was introduced, and 1753 com- 

 menced on the 1st of January. Previous to this two 

 dates were used, one for the civil year, and the other 

 for the historical; the former commenced March 25, 

 and the latter January 1 ; thus we find the same event 

 with two dates, e. g., Feb. 20, 1681-2. Another change 

 was made in the calendar bv the same Act, 24 Geo. II. 

 c. 23; the day after September 2d was accounted the 

 fourteenth, hence the difference between Old and New 

 Michaelmas and other days. 



General Councils. 



m ....... Against Judaizers ................ 



Aries ............. Against the Donatists ............ 



*Nlce .............. First (Ecumenical Council ....... 



Constant htople..A.rinn .............................. 



Honn' ............ Athanasian ........................ 



Sardis ........... Against Arius ..................... 



* 'Constant inn -pie . . Second (Ecumenical .............. 



*J-;/>/'ntts ......... Third do .......................... 



*('li<i/r<'<lt>i>, ....... Fourth do ......................... 



*('onstaiitiin>ii/i'. . Fifth do .......................... 



*Constantinople. . Sixth do .......................... 



Nice .............. Seventh do ........................ 



Constantitiaplc . . Eighth do ......................... 



Home ............ First Lateran ..................... 



Rome ............ Second do ......................... 



Home ............ Third do ........... . .............. 



Home ............ Fourth do ......................... 



Lyons ............ Emperor Frederick deposed ...... 



7. \IHIIS ............ Temporary reunion of Greek and 



Latin Churches ................ 



Vtenne ........... Fifteenth (Ecumenical ........... 



I' i fin ............. Popes elected and deposed ....... 



Constance ........ Huss condemned to be burned . . . 



Basle ............ Eighteenth (Ecumenical .......... 



Rome ............ Fi f th Lateran .............. 1512 to 



Trent ............ Nineteenth (Ecumenical... 1545 to 



Rome ............ Last (Ecumenical ......... . ....... 



A.n. 



51 



314 



:7 

 342 

 347 

 381 

 431 

 451 

 BBS 

 >l 



787 

 870 

 1123 

 1139 

 1197 

 1215 

 190 



1274 

 1312 

 14(H) 

 1414 

 1431 

 1517 

 1563 

 1870 



* Only the six thus marked were indisputably General 

 or (Ecumenical. Some other councils, such as those 

 summoned to Pavia and Siena, were designed to be 

 (Ecumenical, but led to no such result. The Greek 

 Church recognizes seven. 



