HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. 



233 



DICTIONARY OF BIOGRAPHY. 



ABBREVIATIONS: Am., American. Br., British. Dan., Danish. Eng., English. FL, 

 flourished. Fr., French. Ger., German. Gr., Greek. Jr., Irish. It., Italian. Nor., Nor- 

 wegian. Port., Portuguese. Prus>, Prussian. Rom., Roman. Scot., Scottish. Sp., Spanish. 

 Sw., Swedish. 



The numbers after each name indicate the years of birth and death. An interrogation 

 mark denotes that the date is doubtful. After the names of the Popes the first date indicates 

 time of accession unless otherwise stated. 



ABBAS I. (the Great), 1557-1628, shah of 

 Persia. 



ABBASSIDES, fl. within 749-1258, famous 

 dynasty of Caliphs at Bagdad and Damascus. 



ABBOTT, John Stevens Cabot, 1805-77, Am. 

 historian. 



ABD-EL-KADER, 1807-83, emir of Algeria. 



ABELARD, Pierre, 1079-1142, Fr. orator and 

 philosopher. 



ABERCROMBIE, James, 1706-81. Br. gen- 

 eral in America. 



ABERCROMBIE, John, 1781-1844. Scot, met- 

 aphysician. 



ABERCROMBY, Sir Ralph, 1734-1801, Br. 

 general. 



ABERNETHY, John, 1764-1831, Eng. anato- 

 mist. 



ABOUT, Edmond, 1828-85, Fr. author. 



ABRAHAM (or ABRAM), born about 2000 B. 

 C., and died at the age of 175, Hebrew prince 

 and patriarch. 



ADAMS, Charles Francis, 1807-88, Am. 

 statesman, son of J. Q. A. ; negotiated treaty 

 of Geneva. 



ADAMS, John, first vice-president and sec- 

 ond president of the United States ; one of the 

 negotiators of the treaty of peace with Great 

 Britain, 1782 ; defeated by Jefferson for the 

 presidency in 1800, he retired to private life. 



ADAMS, John Quincy, 1768-1848, son of 

 J. A., sixth president of the United States; 

 being elected by the House ; defeated by Jack- 

 son in 1828 ; elected to the House in 1830, his 

 oratory gained for him the title "Old Man 

 Eloquent " ; member of the House until 1848, 

 in which year, while in his seat at the Capitol, 

 he received a stroke of paralysis, which caused 

 his death. 



ADAMS, Samuel, 1722-1803, Governor of 

 Massachusetts ; one of the popular leaders of 

 the Revolution ; signer of the Declaration of In- 

 dependence. 



ADDISON, Joseph, 1672-1719, Eng. poet, 

 moralist, and dramatist. 



ADRIAN I., pope from 772-95 ; II., 867-72 ; 

 III., 884-5 ; IV., 1154-9 ; V., 1276, died same 

 year; VI., 1521-3. 



-ZEscmNES, 389-14 B.C., Athenian orator. 



^ESCHYLUS, 525-456 B.C., first great tragic 

 poet and founder of the drama. 



, 6197-564 B.C., Gr. fabulist; a slave, 

 but liberated by his master on account of his 

 talents. 



AFFRE, Denis Auguste, 1793-1848, arch- 

 bishop of Paris ; killed during the insurrection 

 of June, 1848. 



AGASSIZ, Louis, 1807-73, Swiss naturalist; 

 professor at Harvard ; founded museum of 

 comparative zoology, Cambridge. 



AGRICOLA, Cnseus Julius, 37-93, Rom. gen- 

 eral. 



AGRIPPA, Marcus Vipsanius, 63-12 B.C., 

 Rom. soldier and statesman. 



AINSWORTH, William Harrison, 1805-82, 

 Eng. novelist. 



AKBAR, 1542-1605, most illustrious of the 

 Mogul emperors. 



AKENSIDE, Mark, 1721-70, Eng. physician, 

 poet,' and scholar. 



ALADDIN, fl. 1375, son of Osman and organ- 

 izer of the Janissaries. 



ALARIC, 350V-410, king of the Visigoths. 



ALBERT, or ALBERT FRANCIS, Augustus 

 Charles Emmanuel, prince of Saxe-Coburg- 

 Gotha, 1819-61, consort of Queen Victoria. 



ALBUQUERQUE, Alfonso, Marquis de, 1453- 

 1515, Portuguese conqueror. 



ALCIBIADES, 450-404 B.C., Athenian gen- 

 eral. 



ALCOTT, Amos Bronson, 1799-1888, Am. 

 philosopher and teacher. 



ALCOTT, Louisa May, 1833-88, Am. au- 

 thoress. 



ALEMBERT, Jean le Rond d', 1717-83, Fr. 

 geometer. 



ALEXANDER (the Great), 356-323 B.C., 

 king of Macedon ; taught by Aristotle ; as- 

 cended the throne of Macedon 336, destroyed 

 Thebes and was chosen commander of the 

 Greeks agairst Persia; invaded Asia Minor ill 

 334, defeating Darius on the banks of the 

 Granicus ; in 333 he almost annihilated the 

 Persian army at the battle of Issus ; cut the 

 Gordian knot and caused the Ammonian oracle 

 to declare him the son of Jupiter Ammon ; 

 captured Tyre in 332, and, having invaded 

 Egypt, founded Alexandria; in 331 he de- 

 feated Darius at Arbela ; elated by his success, 

 he claimed the homage due to a god, stabbing 

 his foster-brother Clitus for refusal to pay such 



