HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. 



241 



France), 823-77, emperor of Germany ; in- 

 vaded Italy and was crowned emperor ; III. 

 (the Fat), 832?-88; IV., 1316-78, emperor of 

 Germany and king of Bohemia ; V., 1500-58, 

 emperor of Germany ; king of Spain as 

 Charles I. ; in 1521, summoned the Diet of 

 Worms to check the progress of Luther's doc- 

 trines ; in 1527, warring with Francis I. of 

 France and Pope Clement VII., Rome was 

 sacked and the pope made prisoner ; convened 

 the Diet of Augsburg to suppress the reforma- 

 tion, but, the Protestants having united, liberal 

 terms were granted them ; in 1535, defeated 

 Barbarossa and captured Tunis, liberating 

 thousands of Christian slaves ; defeated in 1552 

 by the Protestant forces under Maurice of 

 Saxony, he signed the treaty of Passau, es- 

 tablishing the Protestant church on a firm 

 basis ; three years later he retired to the mon- 

 astery of St. Yuste. 



CHARLES I. (Charles Stuart), 1600-49, king 

 of England ; beheaded, after attempting to sub- 

 due his rebellious subjects; II., 1630-85, witty, 

 but careless and voluptuous ; the habeas cor- 

 pus act was passed during his reign. 



CHARLES XII., 1682-1718, king of Sweden, 

 ascended the throne in 1697 ; a league being 

 formed against him by Russia, Denmark, and 

 Poland in 1700, he besieged Copenhagen, forced 

 Denmark to make peace, and beat the Russians ; 

 he then invaded Poland, compelling King Au- 

 gustus to resign ; invading Russia, he was badly 

 defeated at Pultowa ; he fled to Turkey, but 

 soon returned ; marching into Norway, he was 

 killed at the siege of Frederickshall. 



CHARLES MARTEL, 694?-741, king of the 

 Franks. 



CHASE, Salmon Portland, 1808-73, Am. 

 statesman and jurist. 



CHATEAUBRIAND, Frangois Auguste de, Vis- 

 count, 1768-1848, Fr. author. 



CHATHAM, William Pitt, Earl of (the Great 

 Commoner), 1708-78, Eng. statesman and 

 orator ; opposed taxation of American colo- 

 nies. 



CHATTERTON, Thomas, 1752-70, Eng. liter- 

 ary impostor. 



CHAUCER, Geoffrey, 1340?-1400, Eng. poet; 

 " Father of English poetry." 



CHERUBINI, Maria Luigi, 1760-1842, It. 

 composer. 



CHESTERFIELD, Philip Dormer Stanhope, 

 Earl of, 1694-1773, Eng. orator and wit; dis- 

 tinguished as a man of fashion. 



CHITTY, Joseph, 1776-1841, Eng. jurist. 



CHOATE, Rufus, 1799-1859, Am. lawyer and 

 statesman. 



CHORIS, Louis, 1795- 1828, Russian painter 

 and traveler. 



CHRISTINA, 1626-89, queen of Sweden ; 



daughter of Gustavus Adolphus ; learned and 

 eccentric ; abdicated, 1654. 



CHRYSOSTOM, John, Saint, 350?-407, Gr. 

 father of the Church. 



CHURCHILL, Randolph Spencer, Lord, 1849- 

 1895, Eng. statesman. 



GIBBER, Colley (James Rees), 1671-1757, 

 Eng. actor and dramatist. 



CICERO, Marcus Tullius, 106-43 B. C., Rom. 

 author, statesman, and orator ; the greatest 

 critic of antiquity ; while consul, suppressed 

 the conspiracy of Catiline ; exiled 58 B. C., 

 but recalled ; was an adherent of Pompey, but 

 enjoyed the favor of Julius Caesar ; killed by 

 the soldiers of Antony ; as an orator, Cicero is 

 regarded second only to Demosthenes. 



CID CAMPEADOR (Ruy Diaz de Bivar), 

 1040?-99, Castilian hero. 



CINCINNATUS, Lucius Quintus, 520-438 B. 

 C., Rom. patriot and dictator; elected consul 

 while cultivating a farm, having lost his prop- 

 erty ; conquered the ^qui ; twice chosen dic- 

 tator, and at the expiration of each term of 

 office, he returned to the plow. 



CLARKE, Adam, 1762-1832, Irish Methodist 

 Bible commentator. 



CLAUDIUS (Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero), 

 B. C. 10-54 A. D., Rom. emperor; invaded 

 Britain. 



CLAY, Henry, 1777-1852, Am. statesman 

 and orator ; "The Great Pacificator." Born 

 in Virginia ; removed to Kentucky, 1797 ; 

 practiced law ; elected to Kentucky legislature 

 in 1804, and two years later chosen to fill a 

 short term in the U. S. Senate ; re-elected to 

 the Senate 1809, and to the House of Repre- 

 sentatives 1811, of which body he was made 

 speaker; re-elected speaker 1813 ; signed treaty 

 of Ghent 1815 ; re-elected speaker four times ; 

 in 1824, he was one of four candidates for 

 the presidency ; when the election devolved on 

 the House, his influence decided the contest in 

 favor of Jackson ; a bloodless duel between 

 Clay and Randolph, in 1826, was the result of 

 charges against Clay growing out of this elec- 

 tion ; re-elected to the Senate in 1831 for six 

 years ; in 1832, defeated for the presidency as 

 the candidate of the anti-Jackson party ; again 

 elected to the Senate 1836, but resigned 1842 ; 

 Whig candidate for the presidency in 1844 ; 

 re-elected senator 1848. To Clay is due the 

 credit for the " Missouri Compromise," be- 

 lieved to have postponed for ten years the civil 

 war. 



CLEOPATRA, 69-30 B. C., queen of Egypt; 

 noted for beauty and accomplishments. 



CLINTON, Sir Henry, 1738-95, Eng. general 

 in America. 



CLIVE, Robert, Lord, 1725-74, Eng. general 

 and founder of British empire in India. 



