242 



THE CENTURY BOOK OF FACTS. 



CLOOTZ, Jean Baptiste, Baron (Anacharsis 

 Clootz), 1753-94, Prussian traveler and Fr. rev- 

 olutionist ; guillotined. 



CLOUGH, Arthur Hugh, 1820-61, Eng. poet. 



CLOVIS (or Chlodwig), 465-511, king of the 

 Franks ; conqueror of Gaul. 



COBDEN, Richard, 1804-65, Eng. statesman 

 and economist. 



COKE (or Cook), Sir Edward, 1552-1633, 

 Eng. jurist. 



COLE, Thomas, 1801-48, Eng. landscape 

 painter. 



COLERIDGE, Samuel Taylor, 1772-1834, 

 Eng. poet. 



COLIGNY, Gaspard de, 1517-72, Fr. admi- 

 ral ; leader of the Huguenots ; killed in mas- 

 sacre of St. Bartholomew. 



COLLIER, Jeremy, 1650-1726, Eng. theolo- 

 gian. 



COLUMBA, Saint, 521-97, the apostle of Cal- 

 edonia. 



COLUMBUS, Christopher (It. : Cristoforo Co- 

 lombo ; Sp. : Cristoval Colon), 1436-1506, 

 Genoese navigator ; became a sailor at 14; 

 studied mathematics at the University of 

 Pavia ; removed to Lisbon at the age of thirty ; 

 was emploj r ed in several expeditions to the 

 west coast of Africa ; meditated reaching India 

 by a western route, and unsuccessfully solic- 

 ited the aid of John II. of Portugal ; but 

 finally Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain fur- 

 nished him two small vessels, and another was 

 added by the efforts of friends ; with one hun- 

 dred and twenty men he set sail from Palos, 

 August 3, 1492, and discovered" the island of 

 San Salvador, October 12 of same year ; sup- 

 posing that he had reached India, he called 

 the natives Indians ; after visiting Cuba and 

 Hayti, he returned to Spain, where he was re- 

 ceived triumphantly ; in 1493 he again sailed 

 across the Atlantic, this time with seventeen 

 ships, and discovered Jamaica and Porto Rico ; 

 in 1498 he made his third voyage, with six 

 vessels, discovering the mainland at the mouth 

 of the Orinoco; in 1499, complaints having 

 been made to the court of the conduct of Co- 

 lumbus at Hispaniola, he was carried to Spain 

 in chains by Francisco de Bobadilla ; Colum- 

 bus' last voyage to America was made in 1502, 

 .to Honduras; he died neglected. 



COMTE, Auguste, 1798-1857, Fr. philoso- 

 pher. 



CONDE, Louis II., Prince de, 1621-86, Fr. 

 general ; victorious over the Spaniards at 

 Rocroi, 1643, and over the Germans at Nord- 

 lingen, 1645; again defeated the Spanish at 

 Lens in 1648, almost annihilating their infan- 

 try, previously regarded invincible ; seeking 

 revenge for having been imprisoned by the 

 orders of Mazarin or the queen, he warred 



against the government, and next entered the 

 service of Spain ; returned to France in 1659, 

 and defeated William of Orange in 1'i" I. 



CONFUCIUS, or Koxo-i <><>- 1 >i , .")51-478 B. 

 C., Chinese philosopher ; the sou of a soldier, 

 he was raised to the rank of mandarin at 19 ; 

 commenced public teaching at 22 ; became, 

 in 499 B. C., minister of crime, and soon after 

 retired from public life, devoting his time to 

 study, travel, and the dissemination of his 

 doctrines. The philosophy of Confucius re- 

 lates to the present life only ; he placed great 

 importance upon the outward forms of polite- 

 ness, being the first to enunciate, in substance, 

 the golden rule ; his influence has been enor- 

 mous, his teachings affecting two thirds of 

 humanity for twenty-three centuries. 



CONGREVE, William, 1670-1729, Eng. 

 dramatist. 



CONKLING, Roscoe, 1829-88, Am. states- 

 man, lawyer, and orator. 



CONSTAXTINE I. (the Great), 272-337, em- 

 peror of Rome; embraced Christianity, and 

 transferred his court from Rome to Byzantium, 

 thenceforth called Constantinople. 



CooPER,Sir Astley Paston, 1768-1841, Eng. 

 physician. 



COOPER, James Fenimore, 1779-1851, Am. 

 novelist. 



COPERNICUS (Kopernik), Nicholas, 1473- 

 1543, Ger. astronomer ; father of modern 

 astronomy ; disproved the Ptolemaic theory ; 

 in his great work, "The Revolution of the 

 Celestial Orbs," the first copy of which was 

 handed to him on the day of his death, he 

 demonstrated that the sun is the center of the 

 system. 



CORDAY, Charlotte, 1768-93, Fr. heroine; 

 assassinated Marat. 



CORIOLANUS, Cneius Marcus, fl. 490 B. C., 

 Roman hero. 



CORNEILLE, Pierre, 1606-84, founder of the 

 French drama. 



CORNELL, Ezra, 1807-74, Am. philanthro- 

 pist. 



COROT, Jean Baptiste Camille, 1796-1875, 

 Fr. painter. 



CORREGGIO, Antonio Allegri da, 1494-1534, 

 It. painter ; known as " the divine " ; his work 

 excels in harmony, grace, and sweetness of 

 color and form. 



CORTEX, Hernando, 1485-1547, Sp. con- 

 queror of Mexico. 



COWPER, William, 1731-1800, Eng. pc..-t. 



CRAIK, Dinah Maria (Mulock), 1826-87, 

 Eng. authoress. 



CRANMER, Thomas, 1489-1556, Eng. re- 

 former ; archbishop of Canterbury ; burned to 

 death. 



