HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. 



257 



educated in France, where she was married to 

 the Dauphin in 1558, who the following year 

 ascended the French throne as Francis II., but 

 died childless, 1560 ; invited to the throne of 

 Scotland, and married her cousin, Lord Darn- 

 ley ; suppressed, 1565, a revolt of the Protest- 

 ants instigated by Queen Elizabeth ; joined, 

 1566, a league to extirpate heresy, and, weary- 

 ing of the arrogance and dissoluteness of Lord 

 Darnley, bestowed her confidence on David Riz- 

 zio, an Italian musician, whose murder was 

 instigated the same year by Mary's jealous 

 husband ; Lord Darnley was killed in 1567, and 

 Queen Mary married the Earl of Bothwell the 

 same year ; public sentiment in Scotland 

 against her became so intense that she was com- 

 pelled to fly to England, where she was finally 

 beheaded on an unproved charge of conspiracy. 



MASANIELLO, 1620-47, Neapolitan insur- 

 gent leader. 



MASSINGER, Philip, 1584-1640, Eng. drama- 

 tist. 



MATHER, Cotton, 1663-1728, Am. divine 

 and writer, notorious for his persecution of 

 witchcraft. 



MATHEW, Theobald (Father Mathew), 1790- 

 1856, Ir. Catholic priest, called "the Apostle 

 of Temperance." 



MAUPASSANT, de, Henri R. A. G., 1850-93, 

 Fr. novelist. 



MAURICE, 1521-53, elector of Saxony ; Ger. 

 general and Protestant leader. 



MAURICE OF NASSAU, 1567-1625, Dutch 

 warrior ; prince of Orange. 



MAXIMILIAN (Ferdinand Maximilian Jo- 

 seph), 1832-67, archduke of Austria and em- 

 peror of Mexico ; executed by the Mexicans. 



MAZARIN, Giulio, Cardinal, 1602-61, Fr. 

 prime minister. 



MAZEPPA, Ivan Stepanov^tch, 1644-1709, 

 Polish nobleman and hetman of the Cossacks ; 

 hero of Byron's poem. 



MAZZINI, Giuseppe, 1807-72, It. patriot. 



MEADE, George Gordon, 1815-72, Am. gen- 

 eral ; won the battle of Gettysburg. 



MEDICI, Alessandro de', 1510-37, first duke 

 of Florence ; assassinated. 



MEDICI, Cosimo de' (the Great), 1519-74, 

 first grand duke of Tuscany. 



MEDICI, Lorenzo de' (the Magnificent), 

 1448-92, prince of Florence ; scholar and pa- 

 tron of literature and art. 



MEISSONIER, Jean Louis Ernest, 1812-91, 

 Fr. painter. 



MELANCHTHON, Philipp, 1497-1560, Ger. 

 reformer ; leader of the Reformation after 

 Luther's death. 



MELIKOFF, Loris, 1824-88, Russian general. 



MENDELSSOHN-BARTHOLDY, Felix, 1809-47, 

 Ger. composer. 



MENELEK, emperor (or negus) of Abys- 

 sinia ; proclaimed March 12, 1889. 



MENNO SYMONS (Menno Simonis), 1496- 

 1561, Frieslandic founder of the Mennonites. 



MERIME"E, Prosper, 1803-70, Fr. novelist. 



MESMER, Friedrich Anton, 1733-1815, Ger. 

 discoverer of " mesmerism." 



METELLUS, Quintus Csecilius, fl. 100 B. C., 

 Rom. general. 



METTERNICH, Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk 

 Lothar von, 1775-1859, Austrian statesman. 



MEYERBEER, Giacomo (Jakob Meyer-Beer), 

 1794-1864, Ger. composer. 



MICHAEL ANGELO (Michelangelo Buona- 

 rotti), 1475-1564, It. painter, sculptor, archi- 

 tect, and poet ; " the Dante of the arts ; " 

 patronized by Lorenzo the Magnificent ; in- 

 vited to* Rome by Pope Julius II., where he 

 designed the church of St. Peter ; became 

 architect of that magnificent structure in 1546, 

 and devoted the rest of his life almost ex- 

 clusively to its completion. 



MIFFLIN, Thomas, 1744-1800, Am. patriot; 

 president of Continental Congress. 



MILL, James, 1773-1830, Scot, historian and 

 writer. 



MILL, John Stuart, 1806-73, Eng. philos- 

 opher and political economist. 



MILLAIS, John Everett, 1829-1896, Eng. 

 painter. 



MILTIADES, fl. 500 B. C., Athenian com- 

 mander ; gained the great victory of Marathon. 



MILTON, John, 1608-74, poet of the Puri- 

 tans ; educated at Cambridge ; passed several 

 years in travel ; advocated the popular party, 

 opposing prelacy and the established church ; 

 wrote many political and controversial works 

 in prose; was appointed in 1648 Latin secre- 

 tary of the Council of State ; in 1654 he had 

 become entirely blind ; his ' ' Paradise Lost ' ' 

 was completed in 1655, and sold for 10, half 

 of which was not to be paid until after the 

 sale of 1,300 copies. 



MINIE, Claude Etienne, 1810-79, Fr. inventor 

 (Minie rifle). 



MIRABEAU, Honore" Gabriel de Riquetti de, 

 Comte, 1749-91, Fr. orator and statesman; 

 entered the army in 1776 ; exiled and im- 

 prisoned for debt ; separating from his wife, he 

 eloped with a young woman in 1776, for which 

 offense he was condemned to death ; escaped, 

 however, with four years' imprisonment ; led 

 a wandering life for several years, engaging 

 in numerous intrigues ; sent to Berlin on a 

 secret mission in 1786, and elected to the 

 States-General in 1789, and later to the 

 National Assembly, of which he became pres- 

 ident in 1791. 



MITCHEL, Ormsby Macknight, 1810-62, 

 Am. general and astronomer. 



