HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. 



259 



seven gave concerts in Paris and London ; dis- 

 tinguished for the universality of his genius; 

 he gave artistic form to opera. 



MtiHLENBERG, Henry Melchior, 1711-87, 

 founder of the German Lutheran church in 

 America. 



MriiLKxitKiM;, John Peter Gabriel, 1746- 

 1807, Am. general. 



MUNCHAUSKN, Hieroiiyinus Karl Friedrich 

 von, Baron, 1720-97, Ger. soldier and roman- 

 cist. 



MURAT, Joachim, 1771-1815, Fr. marshal 

 and king of Italy. 



MURILLO, Bartolome" Esteban, 1618-82, Sp. 

 painter ; excelled as a colorist, and regarded 

 as the greatest of the Spanish school. 



MURRAY (or Moray), James Stuart, Earl of, 

 1533-70, regent of Scotland ; opponent of Mary 

 Stuart ; assassinated. 



NAPIER, Sir Charles James, 1782-1853, Eng. 

 general in India. 



NAPIER, John, 1550-1614, Scot, mathe- 

 matician. 



NAPIER, Sir William Francis Patrick, 1785- 

 1860, Br. general and writer. 



NAPIER OF MAGDALA, Robert Cornells 

 Napier, Baron, 1810-76, Br. general. 



NEBUCHADNEZZAR, .... -561 B. C., Chal- 

 dean king of Babylon ; conquered Jerusalem, 

 Tyre, and Egypt. 



NECKER, Jacques, 1732-1804, Fr. states- 

 man and financier ; father of Mme. de Stael. 

 . NELSON, Horatio, Viscount, 1758-1805, the 

 greatest of Britain's admirals; entered the 

 navy at 13 ; post-captain, 1779 ; rear-admiral, 

 1797, his promotion having been earned by 

 his share in the victory of St. Vincent ; lost 

 his right arm in an unsuccessful attack on 

 Teneriffe ; won the battle of the Nile in 1798, 

 for which lie was raised to the peerage as Baron 

 Nelson of the Nile ; became separated from his 

 wife, owing to an infatuation with Lady Ham- 

 ilton, which lasted until his death ; created a 

 viscount for the victory of the Baltic, where, 

 being second in command, he disobeyed the 

 orders directing him to retreat ; fell at Trafal- 

 gar, where his fleet gained a decisive victory 

 over the French and Spanish ; his last words, 

 " Thank God, I have done my duty." 



NEPOS, Cornelius, fl. 5 B. C., Rom. histo- 

 rian. 



NERI, Filippo de, Saint (St. Philip Neri), 

 1515-95, It. founder of the " Priests of the 

 Oratory." 



NESSELRODE, Charles Robert von, Count, 

 1780-1862, Russian diplomatist. 



NESTORIUS, -440?, Syrian prelate; 



founder of the Nestorian schism. 



NEWMAN, John Henry, Cardinal, 1801-90, 



Eng. theologian ; recognized leader of the 

 High Church party until 1845, when he be- 

 came a Catholic ; appointed rector of Catholic 

 University at Dublin, 1854, and made a cardi- 

 nal by Pope Leo XIII. in 1879. 



NEWTON, Sir Isaac, 1642-1727, Eng. phi- 

 losopher ; the son of a farmer ; graduated at 

 Cambridge, 1665, about which time he in- 

 vented the "method of fluxions," and dis- 

 covered the laws of gravitation ; discovered, 

 1668, that light is not homogeneous, but con- 

 sists of rays of different refrai gibility. 



NEY, Michel, Duke of Echlingen and Prince 

 of the Moskwa, 1796-1815, Fr. marshal; the 

 son of a cooper; entered the army at 18 as a 

 private, and was gradually promoted ; Napo- 

 leon called him "the bravest of the brave," 

 and his titles were conferred upon him for his 

 services at Echlingen, in 1805, and his victory 

 at the battle of Borodino ; commanded the 

 rear guard in the retreat from Moscow ; de- 

 feated by Bernadotte at Dennewitz, 1813 ; 

 submitted to Louis XVIII. upon the abdica- 

 tion of Napoleon, against whom he was sent 

 with an army in 1815, but united his army 

 with that of his old commander ; had five horses 

 shot under him at Waterloo, where he fought 

 with his usual valor ; was captured soon after, 

 and shot on a charge of treason. 



NIEUUHR, Barthold Georg, 1776-1831, Ger. 

 historian. 



NICOT, Jean, 1530-1600, Fr. scholar; in- 

 troduced tobacco. 



NORTH, Frederick, Lord, 1732-92, Eng. 

 statesman. 



NORTHCOTE, Sir Stafford Henry, 1818-87, 

 Eng. statesman. 



NOYES, George Rapall, 1798-1868, Am. 

 theologian. 



GATES, Titus, 1620-1705, Eng. informer; 

 contriver of the " Popish Plot." 



OUERLIN, Jean Frederic, 1740-1816, Fr.- 

 Ger. reformer and philanthropist. 



O'CONNELL, Daniel, 1775-1847, Ir. patriot 

 and orator ; advocated Catholic emancipation, 

 but opposed resort to arms ; elected to Parlia- 

 ment, 1828, but not allowed to take his seat 

 until 1829, when the bill for Catholic emanci- 

 pation waj passed ; gave up his law practice 

 and gave his entire attention to public duties ; 

 began advocating the repeal of the union in 

 1840; was convicted in 1844 on a charge of 

 treason, but sentence was reversed by the 

 House of Lords. 



OCCAM, William of (the Invincible Doctor) 

 12807-1347, Eng. theologian. 



ODOACER, .... -493, Gothic king of Italy -, 

 executed. 



OERSTED, Hans Christian, 1777-1851, Dan- 



