BISTORT AND BIOGRAPHY. 



861 



PESTALOZZI, Johann Heinrich, 1745-1827, 

 Swiss educationist. 



PETER, Saint, . . . .-66, apostle. 



PETEK I. (the Great), 1672-1725, czar of 

 Russia and founder of the Russian monarchy ; 

 organized an army and entered it as a private ; 

 studied practical seamanship, and formed a 

 navy ; traveled incognito in Western Europe ; 

 worked as a ship carpenter in Holland; 

 founded schools and effected a number of re- 

 forms ; defeated Charles XTI. of Sweden, at 

 Pultowa, 1709 ; founded St. Petersburg ; his 

 second wife, Catherine, was a prisoner of war, 

 of obscure parentage ; the crown prince, 

 Alexis, opposing the czar's policy, was forced 

 to renounce the succession, and is said to have 

 been poisoned by his father. 



PETER THE HERMIT, 1050?-1115, preacher 

 of the first Crusade. 



PETRARCH (Francesco Petrarca), 1304-74, 

 It. poet and scholar ; enamored of Laura de 

 Sade, whose name he made immortal. 



PHIDIAS, 490-432 B. C., the greatest c-f 

 Greek sculptors, and architect of the Parthe- 

 non ; he was never excelled in expressing the 

 ideal majesty of the human form, and his 

 Zeus, at Olympia, is counted among the won- 

 ders of the world. 



PHILIP IT., 382-336 B. C., king of Macedo- 

 nia ; father of Alexander the Great. 



PHILIP II. (Augustus), 1165-1223, king of 

 France ; annexed Normandy, Anjou and Lor- 

 raine ; won the battle of Bouvines. 



PHILIP IV. (the Fair), 1268-1314, reduced 

 the power of the feudal nobles ; imprisoned 

 Pope Boniface III. and caused him to remove 

 his seat to Avignon ; suppressed the order of 

 Knights Templars ; VI.(of Valois), 1293-1350. 



PHILIP II., 1527-98, king of Spain ; son of 

 Charles V.; provoked insurrection in the 

 Netherlands by his attempt to introduce the 

 Spanish Inquisition ; married, on the death of 

 Mary Tudor, his second wife, Isabella of 

 France, the betrothed of his son, Don Carlos ; 

 equipped the "Invincible Armada" for the 

 conquest of England. 



PHILLIPS, Wendell, 1811-84, Am. orator 

 and abolitionist. 



PHIPS (or Phipps), Sir William, 1651-95, 

 colonial governor of Massachusetts. 



PHOCION, 4027-317 B. C., Athenian general 

 and statesman. 



PICCOLOMINI, Ottavio, .1599-1656, Austrian 

 general ; conspirator against Wallenstein ; 

 gained great distinction in the Thirty Years' 

 War ; led Spanish army in Flanders. 



PICKERING, Timothy, 1745-1829, Am. states- 

 man. 



PIERCE, Franklin, 1804-69, fourteenth pres- 

 ident of the United States ; bora in New 



Hampshire ; Congress, 1832-7 ; senator, 1837- 

 42 ; brigadier-general in Mexican war ; elected 

 president on the Democratic ticket in 1852, 

 holding that office from 1853-7 ; opposed coer- 

 cion of the South in 1863. 



PIEUREPONT, Edward, 1800-92, Am. lawyer. 



PILATE, Pontius, .... -38, Roman governor 

 of Palestine. 



PINCKNEY, Charles Cotesworth, 1746-1825, 

 Am.' statesman and soldier; leader of the 

 Federalists. 



PINDAR, 520? -440? B. C., greatest of 

 Greek lyric poets. 



PINKNEY, William, 1764-1822, Am. lawyer 

 and orator. 



PITT, William, 1759-1806, Eng. statesman 

 and orator ; son of the earl of Chatham ; head 

 of the great coalition against Bonaparte. 



Pius IX. (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti), 

 born, 1792 ; chosen to the pontificate, 1846 ; 

 died, 1878 ; during his incumbency the 

 dogmas of the Immaculate Conception and of 

 Papal Infallibility were promulgated, temporal 

 power overthrown, 1870, and the Papal States 

 annexed to Italy. 



PIZARRO, Francisco, 1496-1541, Sp. con- 

 queror of Peru. 



PLATO, 428-347 B. C., Gr. philosopher ; 

 disciple of Socrates ; held that the human soul 

 has always existed, and that an idea is an eter- 

 nal thought of the divine mind ; Emerson says, 

 " Plato is philosophy, and philosophy is 

 Plato." 



PLINY (the Elder), 23-79, Rom. naturalist ; 

 perished at an eruption of Vesuvius. 



PLINY (the Younger), 62?-116, Rom. orator 

 and anther. 



PLOTINUS, 205-70, Gr. Neo-Platonic philos- 

 opher. 



PLUTARCH, 507-120?, Gr. biographer and 

 philosopher ; " father of biography." 



POCAHONTAS, 1595?-1617, daughter of 

 Powhatan ; saved the life of Capt. John Smith, 

 an Eng. explorer ; was converted to Christian- 

 ity, and married an Englishman named Rolfe. 

 *POE, Edgar Allan, 1809-49, Am. author. 



POLK, James KKOX, 1795-1849, Am. states- 

 man ; eleventh president ; born in North Car- 

 olina ; removed to Tennessee ; admitted to the 

 bar ; Congress, 1825 ; speaker for two terms ; 

 governor of Tennessee, 1839-41 ; elected pres- 

 ident on the Democratic ticket, holding that 

 office from 1845-9. 



POLK, Leonidas, 1806-64, episcopal bishop 

 and Confederate general ; prominent at Shiloh 

 and Stone River. 



POLLOK, Robert, 1798?-1827, Scot. poet. 



POLO, Marco,. 1252?-1324?, Venetian trav-. 

 eler. 



POLYBIUS, 2067-124 B. C., Gr. historian. 



