HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. 



273 



Margarit, Vigia, General Blanco, Intrepida, 

 and Cauto. The Alvarado was captured at 

 Santiago. The Sandoval was sunk in Guan- 

 tanamo Harbor, but -was raised by Commander 

 McCalla. 



DECISIVE BATTLES OF HIS- 

 TORY. 



ACTIUM, B. C. 31. The combined fleets of 

 Antony and Cleopatra defeated by Octavius, 

 and imperialism established in the person of 

 Octavius. 



PniLippi, B. C. 42. Brutus and Cassius 

 defeated by Octavius and Antony. The fate of 

 the Republic decided. 



METAURUS, B. C. 207. The Carthaginians 

 under Hasdrubul were defeated by the Romans 

 under Caius and Marcus Livius. 



ARBKLA, B. C. 331. The Persians defeated 

 by the Macedonians and Greeks under Alexan- 

 der the Great. End of the Persian empire. 



SYRACUSE, B. C. 414. The Athenians de- 

 feated by the Syracusans and their allies, the 

 Spartans, under Gylippus. ( 



MARATHON, B. C. 490. The Athenians 

 under Miltiades defeated the Persians under 

 Datis. Free government preserved. 



WiNFELD-LiPPE, A. D. 9. Teutonic inde- 

 pendence established by the defeat of the Ro- 

 man legions under Varus at the hands of the 

 Germans under Arminius (Hermann.) 



CHALONS, A. D. 451. The Huns under At- 

 tila, called the "Scourge of God," defeated 

 by the confederate armies of Romans and Vis- 

 igoths. 



TOURS, A. D. 732. The Saracens defeated 

 by Charles Martel and Christendom rescued 

 from Islam. 



HASTINGS, A. D. 1066. Harold, command- 

 ing the English army, defeated by William 

 the Conqueror, and a new regime established 

 in England by the Normans. 



SIEGE OF ORLEANS, A. D % 1429. The Eng- 

 lish defeated by the French under Joan of Arc. 



DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA, A. D. 

 1588. England saved from Spanish invasion. 



LUTZEN, A. D. 1632. Decided the relig- 

 ious liberties of Germany. Gustavus Adolphus 

 killed. 



BLENHEIM, A. D. 1704. The French and 

 Bavarians under Marshal Tallard defeated by 

 the English and their allies under Marlborough. 

 - PULTOWA, A. D. 1709: Charles XII. of 

 Sweden defeated by the Russians under Peter 

 the Great. 



SARATOGA. A. D. 1777. Critical battle of 

 the American War of Independence. The 

 English defeated by the Americans under Gen- 

 eral Gates. 



VALMY, A. D. 1792. An invading army of 



Prussians, Austrians, and Hessians under the 

 Duke of Brunswick, defeated by the French 

 under Kellermann. The first success of the 

 Republic against foreigners. 



TRAFALGAR. On the 21st of October, A. 

 D. 1805, the great naval battle of Trafalgar 

 was fought. The English defeated the French 

 and destroyed Napoleon's hopes to successfully 

 invade England. 



WATERLOO, A. D. 1815. The French un- 

 der Napoleon defeated by the allied armies 

 of Russia, Austria, Prussia, aud England un- 

 der Wellington. 



SIEGE OF SEBASTOPOL, A. D. 1854-5. The 

 Russians succumbed to the beleaguering armies 

 of England, France, and Turkey, and the re- 

 sult was delay in the expansion of the Russian 

 Empire. 



GETTYSBURG, July, A. D. 1863. The de- 

 ciding battle of the war for the Union. The 

 Confederates under General Lee defeated by 

 the Union forces under Meade. 



SEDAN, A. D. 1870. The decisive battle of 

 the Franco- German war. 



RECENT DESPERATE WARS. 



Indian Mutiny. General disaffection 

 from a variety of real or supposed grievances 

 had been for a long time smoldering amongst 

 the Sepoys, who were the flower of the British 

 East India Company's forces, but when a re- 

 port spread that cartridges smeared with cow 

 and pork fat were to be used by the native 

 soldiers, open mutiny, attended with great 

 cruelty, broke out. The war, which may be 

 said to have commenced in March, 1857, raged 

 until June, 1858. It was marked by a suc- 

 cession of romantic, pathetic, and heroic inci- 

 dents the siege of Delhi, the massacre of 

 Cawnpore, the relief and capture of Lucknow , 

 but was suppressed in the latter year, when 

 the East India Company ceased to exist, and 

 the government of India was assumed by the 

 British crown. A cruel vengeance was taken 

 on the mutineers, hundreds of whom were 

 strung together and blown to pieces at the 

 mouths of cannon. 



The Abyssinian War arose out of the 

 imprisonment of Consul Capt. C. Cameron, 

 Rev. H. Stern, a missionary, and others by 

 King Theodore, in consequence of a supposed 

 slight by the British government, 1864. Mr. 

 Rassam was sent on a mission to Abyssinia 

 for their release. On the refusal of the king 

 to surrender the prisoners, an English army, 

 some 12,000 strong, under Sir Robert (after- 

 wards Lord) Napier, defeated the Abyssinian 

 forces at Arogee, April 10, 1868, and three 

 days later stormed the fortress of 2Iagdala. 

 In consequence of this King Theodore com- 



