HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. 



275 



1854. Sardinia joined the allies, January 26, 



1855. Among the great battles of this war 

 were Alma (September 20, 1854), Balaklava 

 (October 25, 1854), during which occurred the 

 memorable ''Charge of the Six Hundred." 

 Inkerman (November 5, 1854), Tchernaya 

 (August 16, 1855), in all of which the Russians 

 were defeated. The great event of the war 

 was the siege of Sebastopol (commenced Octo- 

 ber 17, 1854), which fell September 8, 1855. 

 The war which is usually termed the Crimean 

 war, was ended by the treaty of peace con- 

 cluded at Paris, March 30, 1856. One of the 

 articles of this treaty was that the Christians 

 of Turkey, without any preference to Russia, 

 should have the protection of all the Powers 

 concerned in the treaty. (2) The second 

 war arose (1877-8) from substantially the same 

 cause as the war of 1853-6, viz., the desire of 

 Russia to protect The Greek Christians of Tur- 

 key. By a protocol of March 31, 1877, the 

 Great Powers agreed to see the promised re- 

 forms of Turkey carried out. This protocol 

 was repudiated by Turkey, and war was de- 

 clared by Russia against Turkey, April 24. 

 Among the more prominent events of this war 

 were General Gourde's march through the Bal- 

 kans (July 13), his defeat by Suleiman Pasha 

 at Eski Sagra (July 30), and Suleiman Pasha's 

 desperate, but fruitless, attempt to gain the 

 Schipka Pass, held by General Gourko ; the 

 fall of Kars (November 18), and of Plevna 

 (December 10), and Suleiman Pasha's defeat 

 by Skobeloff and Radetsky at Senova (Janu- 

 ary 9, 1878), the battle which virtually ended 

 the war. Treaty of San Stefano (March 3), 

 modified by treaty of Berlin (July 13), by 

 which Bulgaria was created an automatic and 

 tributary principality, Servia and Roumania 

 were declared independent, and Bosnia and 

 Herzegovina were ordered to be occupied and 

 administered by Austria. 



Zulu War (1879). Cetewayo, king of 

 Zululand, became embroiled with the British, 

 on the annexation by the latter of the Trans- 

 vaal and the British, under Lord Chelmsford, 

 crossed the Tugela, and entered Zululand 

 (January 12). They suffered a terrible re- 

 verse at Isandhlwana (January 22), with a loss 

 of eight hundred men, and, in spite of the 

 heroic defense of Rorke's Drift (January 22), 

 had to retreat. Eventually reinforcements ar- 

 rived, and the Zulus were defeated at Ging- 

 hilono (April 2), and Ulundi (July 4). Cete- 

 wayo was captured (August 28), and a dis- 

 patch from Sir Garnet Wolseley (September 

 3) announced the end of the war. Cetewayo 

 died (February 8, 1884), the New Repub- 

 lic was formed by a party of Transvaal Boers 

 (1886-87), and the annexation of the remain- 



der of Zululand as a British possession was 

 proclaimed (June 21, 1887). Trouble subse- 

 quently arose, and several Zulu chiefs were 

 convicted of high treason and sentenced to 

 various terms of imprisonment (1888-9). To- 

 wards the end of 1891, the resolution of the 

 colonial authorities to impose Zibebu as chief 

 upon the northern tribes, was protested against 

 by Miss Colenso as likely to lead to further 

 troubles in Zululand. 



Franco-German War. The friction 

 between France and Prussia arising from the 

 proposed cession of Luxembourg, became ac- 

 centuated by the demand of France that the 

 Crown of Spain, offered (1870) to Prince Leo- 

 pold of Hohenzollern, should not be accepted 

 by that Prince. On the refusal of Prussia to 

 accede to this request, war was declared by 

 France (July 19, 1870). The Prussian forces, 

 about 640,000 strong, in which were associated 

 the states of the North and South German Con- 

 federation, were divided into four armies, the 

 first, that of the North, commanded by General 

 Vogel von Falkenstein ; the second, that of the 

 Center, commanded by General Steinmetz ; the 

 third, that of the Right, under Prince Fred- 

 erick Charles, and the fourth, that of the Left, 

 led by the Crown Prince, the King (William) 

 of Prussia being commander-in-chief, with 

 General Von Moltke as head of the staff. The 

 whole army was in the highest state of prepa- 

 ration and efficiency. 



The French army, about 300,000 strong, on 

 the other hand, badly organized and practically 

 unprepared for the contest, was formed into 

 six army corps, respectively commanded by 

 Generals Frossard, De Failly, Bazaine, Mac- 

 Mahon, Ladnie"rault and Marshal Canrobert. 

 The Emperor, nominally commander.-in-chief, 

 had as his second in command, General Le 

 Bceuf, to whom, later, Marshal Bazaine suc- 

 ceeded. The war resulted in an almost un- 

 broken series of successes for the Germans. 

 After victories at Woerth and Forbach (both 

 on August 6), the Germans invested the for- 

 tress of Strasburg (August 10 capitulated 

 September 28), and sat down before Metz, 

 which capitulated (October 27), after the bat- 

 tles of Longueville (August 14), Mars La Tour 

 (August 1*5), Gravelotte or Rzonville (August 

 18), and unsuccessful attempts at a sortie by 

 Marshal Bazaine (August 26 and October 6). 

 At Sedan the French under Marshal MacMa- 

 hon were hopelessly beaten (September 1), 

 and the Emperor surrendered to the Prussian 

 king (September 2), and was deported as pris- 

 oner to Wilhelmshohe (Cassel). At Paris 

 (September 4) the deposition of the Imperial 

 dynasty was declared, and the establishment 

 of Republic proclaimed by M. Gambetta and 



