HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. 



285 



the English amounted to no more than 13,000 in killed, 

 wounded, and prisoners, August 3, 1704. 



Boadicea, queen of Iceni, at the head of the Britons, 

 attacked the Romans, burned London, and massacred 

 70,000 of its inhabitants ^but being shortly afterward 

 captured by Suetonius, poisoned herself, G5 - A. 1). 



Boulogne, France, besieged and taken by Henry 

 VIII., 1544; sold to France for 400,000 crowns, 1550 ; Sir 

 Sidney Smith failed in an attack on the flotilla there, 

 November, 1806. 



Buyne, battle of, between King William and King 

 James, when the latter was defeated, July 1, 1690. 



Brazil, discovered by the Portuguese, 1500, who set- 

 tled there 1549; diamond mines discovered 1730; the 

 royal family arrives at, 1807 ; revolution took place, 

 1821 ; its independence declared and the prince regent 

 declared emperor, 1822; the king of Portugal ratified 

 the treaty and took the title of emperor of, 1825 ; war 

 with Buenos Ayres, 1826 : death of the dowager princess 

 of, at Lisbon, August 8, 1829 ; revolution and expulsion of 

 the emperor, Dom Pedro, and the appointment of a re- 

 gency in the name of his son, 1830; became a republic, 

 1889. 



Brochs are prehistoric structures in Scotland re- 

 sembling low, circular, roofless towers, with walls of 

 great thickness of unhewn stones, and inclosed by a 

 narrow passage, chiefly in Orkney, Shetland, etc. The 

 brochs of Mousa is a typical and the best preserved 

 example. 



Buenos Ayres, founded 1535 by Pedro de Mendoza ; 

 rebuilt 1580; taken from the Spaniards by Sir Home 

 Popham, June 21, 1806 ; retaken after an attack of three 

 days, August 12; British attack on, under Lieutenant 

 General Whitelock, in which the British were repulsed, 

 July 6, 1807; declaration of independence published, 

 July 19, 1816. 



Bulgarians, defeated by Basilius, Emperor of the 

 East, who made 15,000 of them prisoners and caused 

 their eyesj;o be put out, except one in a hundred, whom 

 he left one eye, that they might serve as leaders to the 

 rest, 1014. 



lly /.ant in in, built by a colony of Athenians, B. 0. 670. 

 The seat of empire removed thither from Rome, A. D. 

 :ioo, and its name changed to Constantinople. 



California, first settled by the Spaniards, 1769, at 

 San Diego. Ranks first in barley, grape culture, gold, 

 and quicksilver; second in wool; third in hops; fifth 

 in wheat and salt ; seventh in silk goods ; eighth in soap 

 and silver; and ninth in wealth. Mining, manufactur- 

 ing, stock raising, and agriculture form the principal 

 industries of the state. Commerce is extensive with 

 China, Japan, the East Indies, and Australia, and with 

 other states and territories. No state in the Union has 

 developed so rapidly. 



Caledonia is the name given by the Romans to that 

 part of Scotland lying between the Forth and the Clvde; 

 so called from the tribe of Caledonii. The name disap- 

 pears in the fourth century, and the people of Scotland 

 began to be called Picts(to the east) and Scots (to the 

 west). In more modern times Caledonia is a poetical 

 name for Scotland. 



Canada, discovered, 1499 ; settled by the French, 1534 ; 

 Quebec built by Samuel Champlain, 1608; conquered by 

 the English, 1759; ceded to them, 176.3. 



Canary Islands, discovered by a Norman, 1405; con- 

 quered by the Spaniards, 1491. 



Candia, the ancient Crete, once subject to Greece, 

 sold to the Venetians till taken by the Turks after 22 

 years' siege, 1669. 



Canna, Battle, of, where 40.000 Romans were killed by 

 the Carthaginians, B. C. 216. 



Carthage, founded by the Tyrians, B. C. 1259; built 

 by Queen Dido, about 869 ; destroyed, B. C. 704. 



Catalonia, Kingdom of, conquered by the Goths, 414 ; 

 by the Saracens, 714 ; taken by the Moors, 800 ; united to 

 Spain, 1492. 



Central America. Under' the name of Central 

 America are included the republics of Guatemala, 

 Honduras, San Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and 

 the territory known as British Honduras. In 1502 Co- 

 lumbus discovered the eastern shore of Central America, 

 and shortly afterward the Spaniards took possession of 

 it, retaining it until 1820, when it rebelled, and many of 

 the states which then composed it were annexed by 

 Mexico. Three vears afterwards was formed the Cen- 

 tra.} American Confederation, but in 1839 Nicaragua 

 withdrew, as did also Costa Rica in 1840, and Guatemala 

 in 1847. In 1872 Guatemala,. Costa Rica, San Salvador, 

 and Honduras became united, forming: the Central 



American Union, the object of the union being the 

 maintenance of peace in the several states and of the 

 republican form of government. 



The representatives of the Greater Republic of Cen- 

 tral America, which was formed by the treaty of Ama- 

 pala, concluded June 20, 1895, on August 27, 1898, adopted 

 a federal constitution, in which the name was changed 

 to "the United States of Central America." It was 

 composed of the states of Honduras, Nicaragua, and 

 Salvador. The Republics of Costa Rica and Guatemala 

 did not enter into this union. 



November 30, 1898, the Federal Organizers formally 

 declared the union dissolved, the three States resuming 

 respectively absolute sovereignty. The collapse was 

 due to the failure of the troops of Honduras, acting in 

 behalf of the Federal Organizers , to suppress an out- 

 break in Salvador against the proposed federation, and 

 to force Salvador into the union. 



The Central American coalition lasted nominally just 

 one month. The new regime was ushered in by elab- 

 orate celebrations at Amapala on November 1. Under 

 the proposed form of government, the administration 

 was to pass into the control of a representative from 

 each of the three republics Dr. Salvador Callego, of 

 Salvador ; Sefior Miguel Agnelugarte, of Honduras, and 

 Dr. Manuel Corrolel Matus, of Nicaragua. These were 

 to continue in power until March 14, 1899, when they 

 were to elect a president of the United States of Cen- 

 tral America, to hold office four years. It was under- 

 stood that the three States had virtually agreed upon 

 Sefior J. Rosa Pacose, of Salvador, for the Executive 

 chair. In the meantime the presidents of the three re- 

 publics were to assume the grade of governors. 



From the outset the Salyadorians opposed the coali- 

 tion, as the expense of maintaining the federal govern- 

 ment would have fallen chiefly upon them. General 

 Regalado headed an insurrection, whose avowed pur- 

 pose was to defeat the plans of the Federal Organizers. 

 President^Zelaya, of Nicaragua, declined to allow the 

 Nicaraguan troops to suppress the outbreak, and the 

 task was assigned to the armies of Honduras. The lat- 

 ter entered Salvador, but were compelled to retire 

 unsuccessful. Thus, unable to bring Salvador into the 

 union, the promoters of the coalition scheme had no 

 alternative but to abandon it. 



Chartists, The, were a body of the English people 

 who, on the passage of the Reform Bill (1832) demanded 

 the People's Charter, the points of which were: (1) 

 Universal suffrage ; (2) vote by ballot ; (3) annual parlia- 

 ments ; (4) payment of members ; (5) abolition of prop- 

 erty qualification ; (6) equal electoral districts. Great 

 demonstrations and damage done in 1838-9. After dem- 

 onstration and presentation of petition, April 10, 

 1848, the movement subsided, although the government 

 had meanwhile dealt severely with some of the leaders. 



Chaldeans, The, or Akkadians, are a non-Semitic 

 race, who came originally from the mountain country 

 of Elam, and were formerly the dominant people of 

 Babylonia. One of the four great cities of Shinar was 

 Accad. The Babylonians were indebted to the Sumero- 

 Akkadians for their cuneiform writing, religion, and 

 mythology. 



Champ de Mars, The, or "Field of March," was a 

 grand general assembly of Frank warriors, held from 

 time to time in Gaul, from the fifth century till the 

 time of Charles le Chauve (8?7), when all trace of them 

 disappears. The objects of these conventions were two- 

 fold : (1) That of military reviews, in which the free- 

 men came to pay homage to their chief and bring their 

 annual gif ts ; and (2) consultative deliberations upon 

 what expeditions should be made, what should be done 

 for the defense of the nation, and what laws should be 

 passed for the better government of the State. From 

 755 these asjemblies were held in May. Napoleon I. 

 announced a gathering to be held in the great plain 

 called the Champ de Mars of Paris, on May 26; but it 

 was not held till June 1, 1815. The object was to pro- 

 claim L 1 Acte ailditionel aux constitutions de V Empire. 



Charing Cross was originally a London suburb, 

 where was erected the last of the crosses in memory of 

 Eleanor, queen of Edward I. The cross was destroyed 

 in 1647, but a new one was placed on the spot in 1865. 



Chillon is a celebrated castle of Switzerland, at the 

 eastern end of the Lake of Geneva. It stands on an 



China, Monarchy of, commenced B. C. 2367 ; but its 

 history does not extend above the Greek Olympiads. 

 Fohi is by many writers supposed to be the founder of 



