HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. 



287 



Dublin, city, wall built about 838; stormed by Der- 

 tnond, 11T1 ; its first charter granted, 1173; castle built, 

 1220; its University founded, 1591; Parliament House 

 begun, 1729; finished, 1739; insurrection in and murder 

 of Lord Kilwarden, July 23, 1803. 



Duke, Title of, first given in England to Edward, son 

 of Edward III., March 17, 1336; quite extinct, 1572, but 

 has since been renewed in many instances. 



Egypt, The kingdom of, began under Misraim, the 

 son or Ham, the second son of Noah, B. O. 2188, and 

 lasted 1,663 years ; conquered by Cambyses, 525 : revolted 

 from the Persians, assisted by the Athenians, 463; 

 taken by Alexander, 332 ; reduced to a province, 31 ; 

 conquered by the Turks, A. D. 1517; invaded by the 

 French under Bonaparte, 1798, who, by the aid of the 

 British, were eventually expelled, 1800. Egypt, since 

 the year 1?07, has been under the dominion of the Mo- 

 hammedans. 



England, originally inhabited by the Britons, a 

 branch, of the ancient Gauls or Celtse : the western part 

 in the time of the Romans was inhabited by the Belgae ; 

 the northern part by the Brigantes ; South Wales by the 

 Silures, and Norfolk and Suffolk by the Iceni. Invaded 

 by Julius Caesar, B. C. 64 ; subdued by Claudius.44, and 

 completely so by Agricola, in 85 A. D. The Romans 

 kept possession of it until 410. Conquered by the Sax- 

 ons, 455, who were invited over by the ancient inhab- 

 itants, and who divided it into seven kingdoms, called 

 the Heptarchy. Ravished by the Picts and Scots, 448. 

 Erected into a kingdom by Egbert, by a union of all 

 the kingdoms of the Heptarchy, 827. Conquered by the 

 Danes, 877; recovered by Alfred, 880. Divided into 

 counties and hundreds, 886; invaded by the Scots, who 

 were defeated by Athelstan, 921 ; by the Welsh, 984; by 

 Sweyn, king of Denmark, 1003; again by Sweyn and 

 almost subdued by him, 1013; by the Irish, 1069; by 

 Malcolm, king of Scotland, 1071, and again 1091 ; again, 

 1093, when Malcolm and his son were killed at Alnwick; 

 by Robert, Duke of Normandy. 1101 ; by David of Scot- 

 land, 1136; by the Scots again, in 1183; by Henry, Duke 

 of Richmond, 1485 ; England declared war against Spain, 

 January 4, 1762 ; the famous dynasty of the Plantagenets 

 commenced with the reign of Henry of Anjou. The 

 Magna Charta was adopted during John's reign, in 1215. 

 The reign of Elizabeth was signalized by the defeat of 

 the Spanish Armada, 1588. James VI., of Scotland, was 

 the first ruler of Great Britain. 



Epirus, Kingdom of, first known in history by the 

 great warlike achievements of Pyrrhus, about B. C. 950 ; 

 a second Pyrrhus was renowned for his wars against 

 the Romans, B. C. 280; became a republic, 240, but was 

 subdued by the Romans, B. C. 167. It was finally con- 



Suered by Mahomet II., 1466, and became part of the 

 ttoman Empire. 



Talk ILawa, The, 1873, were so called from Dr. Falk, 

 who insisted on the compulsory education of the clergy 

 of Prussia. The laws are four in number: (1) The 

 first was directed against the abuse of ecclesiastical 

 discipline for political purposes, such as " boycotting," 

 excommunication, and anathemas; (2) the next regu- 

 lated the effect of secession from the Church on the ob- 

 ligation to meet certain taxes ; (3) the third law .was 

 directed at the evasions by Roman Catholics of state 

 education incumbent on all Germans; and (4) abolished 

 the legality of papal tribunals, recognizing the judg- 

 ments o f the German ecclesiastical courts as the only 

 authority on Church matters. In 1874 these four laws 

 were supplemented by others, to insure more perfect 

 obedience. Dr. Adalbert Falk was appointed by Prince 

 Bismarck " Minister of Public Worship," January 22, 

 1872. In 1872 Prince Bismarck carried through the 

 Prussian Houses abill to transfer the control of primary 

 education from the Church to the State authorities. 



Famous Retreat, The, of the ten thousand, occurred 

 B. C. 401-399. It was conducted by Xenophon, the his- 

 torian, who had joined the expedition of Cyrus. In the 

 battle of Cunaxa, Cyrus lost his life, and the Greeks 

 were left without a leader. Xenophon volunteered to 

 lead them back to Greece, and has left a historical nar- 

 rative of this famous retreat, called " Xenophon's 

 Anabasis." 



Feudal taw, introduced 1070. This consisted in 

 dividing the kingdoms into baronies, giving them to 

 certain persons arid requiring those persons to furnish 

 the king with money arid a stated number of soldiers. 



First French Revolution. Its chief leaders: 

 Comte de Mirabcau, 1789-1791 ; Danton, from the death 

 of Mirabeau to 1793; Robespierre, from June, 1793, to 



July 27, 1794. Next to these three were St. Just, Cou- 

 thon, Marat, Carrier. Hubert, Santerre, Camille Des- 

 moulins, Roland and nis wife, Brissot, Barnave, Sleyes, 

 Barras, Tallien, etc. Its great days : 1789, June 17, the 

 Tiers Etat constituted itself into the " National Assem- 

 bly " ; June 20, the day of the Jeu de Paume, when the 

 Assembly took an oath not to separate till it had given 

 France a constitution ; July 14, Storming of the Bastille ; 

 October 6, 6, the king and National Assembly trans- 

 ferred from Versailles to Paris. This closed the ancient 



tack on the Tuileries and downfall of the monarchy ; 

 September 2, 3, 4, massacre of the state prisoners. 1793, 

 January 21, Louis XVI. guillotined ; May 31, commence- 

 ment of the Reign of Terror; June 2, the Girondists 

 proscribed ; October 16, Marie Antoinette guillotined ; 

 October 31, the Girondists guillotined. 1794, April 5, 

 downfall of Danton ; July 27, downfall of Robespierre. 



Florida (Peninsular State). First settlement by the 

 Spaniards, at St. Augustine, 1565. Admitted to the 

 Union, 1845. Ranks third in sugar and molasses ; sixth 

 in rice; tenth in cotton; twenty-first in square miles; 

 twenty-seventh in miles of railway; thirty-fourth in 

 population; thirty-sixth in wealth. The inhabitants 

 confine themselves to agriculture. The chief products 

 are cotton, sugar cane, rice, corn, and sweet potatoes, 

 and tropical fruits of great variety. There is considera- 

 ble trade also in lumber. 



France, the country of the ancient Gauls ; a colony 

 of the Belgae from Germany were permitted to settle 

 in it B. C. 200; conquered by the Romans, B. C. 25; by 

 the Goths, Vandals, Alans, Suevi, and Burgundi, who 

 divided it amongst them, from 400 to 486. The Franks, 

 from whom the French are derived, occupied part of 

 Brabant, one hundred and thirty years before the reign 

 of Clovis ; it is the only state in Europe that can boast 

 a perpetual succession from the conquerors of the west- 

 ern empire. Its first king was Pharamond, who began 

 to reign in 418 ; Clovis was the first Christian king, 481 ; 

 the Assemblies, called the States-General, first met, 

 1302, and continued to 1614 ; the English crown lost all 

 its possessions in France between 1341 and 1309. The 

 Revolution in France began 1789; the nobility and all 

 religious orders suppressed, 1790 ; Louis XVI. beheaded, 

 January 21, 1793; nis queen, Marie Antoinette, 'be- 

 headed, October 16, 1793; Bonaparte made first consul, 

 1790; Louis XVIII. made his second entry into Paris, 

 July 8, 1815; Louis was succeeded in 1824, by his 

 brother, Charles X., who was expelled, with his family, 

 in July, 1830, and the Duke of Orleans raised to tlie 

 throne under the title of Louis Philippe, king of the 

 French. In 1830 war was commenced with Algeria, 

 which country, as a consequence, was ceded to France. 

 In 1848, the Bourbons were again driven out, and a 

 republic established, with Napoleon III. as president. 

 In December, 1851, Napoleon seized the absolute power, 

 set aside the constitution, and shortly afterward was 

 crowned emperor. A war with Prussia was precipitated 

 in 1870, at the conclusion of which the present republic 

 was established. 



Franks, The, arose from a confederacy of the inhab- 

 itants of the Lower Rhine and Weser about 240. 



Freemasons, The society of, are said to have taken 

 rise from a set of foreigners who called themselves free- 

 masons, whose secrets were kept intact ; they are said 

 to have introduced the art of building with stone into 

 England about 670 ; another version has it that the insti- 

 tution is as early as the building of Solomon's Temple. 

 The first lodge opened in America was at Boston, July 

 30, 1733. 



Friedland, The great battle of, between the Russians 

 and French, in which the former were completely over- 

 thrown, with the loss of 80 pieces of cannon, and 17,000 

 men killed, May 4, 1807. 



Games, Olympic, first celebrated in Elis by the Idaei 

 Dactyli, B. C. 1453 ; instituted by Pelops, 1307 ; celebrated 

 by Hercules, 1222 ; restored at Elis by Iphitus, Lycurgus, 

 and Cleosthenes, 884 : Isthmian, instituted at Corinth by 

 King Sisyphus, B. C. 1326 ; restored, 584 ; Pythian, first 

 celebrated by Adrastus, king of Argps, B. C. 1263; in- 

 stituted at Delphi, in Greece, 591 ; Capitoline, instituted 

 by Domitian, A. D. 86; Secular, celebrated at Rome, 

 A.D.88. 



Genoa, Republic, founded B. C. 63; the present one, 

 A. D. 950; the first Duke of . chosen 1337; republic re- 

 stored to its liberties by Doria, 1528 ; bank failed, 1750 ; the 

 city in 1799, then in possession of the French, was taken 



