HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. 



289 



elves was, that they originally came from " Little 

 Egypt," that the king of Hungary had compelled about 

 4,000 of them to be baptized, had slain the remainder, 

 and had condemned the baptized to seven years' wander- 

 ing. In France, Germany, Scotland, and other coun- 

 tries, the most stringent" laws were formerly enforced 

 against them, and they were slain by thousands. The 

 .jargon spoken by the Gypsies is styled Romany, and 

 contains many Sanscrit words and corrupted Hebraisms. 



Hanseatic League, The, was a trades-union to pro- 

 tect merchandise from pirates and the pillage of nobles. 

 It began with the three towns of Hamburg, Bremen, 

 and Liibeck, but ultimately contained eighty-five trad- 

 ing towns. The league was divided into four colleges, 

 viz., Liibeck, Cologne, Brunswick, and Dantzig. Of 

 these, Liibeck was the chief, and presided in all the con- 

 ferences. 



Hebrew Race, The, is distributed over the Eastern 

 continent as follows : .In Europe there are 5,400,000 ; in 

 France, 63,000; Germany, 562,000, of which Alsace- 

 Lorraine contains 39,000'; Austro-Hungary, 1,544,000; 

 Italy, 40,000; Netherlands, 82,000; Roumania, 265,000; 

 Russia, 2,552,000; Turkey, 105,000, and in other countries 

 35,000, Belgium containing the smallest number, only 

 3,000. In Asia there are 319,000; Asiatic Turkey, 47,000, 

 in Palestine there being 25,000; Asiatic Russia", 47,000; 

 Persia, 18,000; Middle Asia, 14,000; India, 19,000, and 

 China, 1,000. Africa contains 350,000; Egypt, 8,000; 

 Tunis, 55,000; Algiers, 35,000; Morocco, 60,000; Tripoli, 

 6,000, and Abyssinia, 200,000. The entire number of 

 Hebrews in the world is nearly 6,300,000. 



Heptarchy, The Saxon, consisting of the kingdoms 

 of Kent, the South Saxons, the West Saxons, the East 

 Saxons, Northumberland, the East Angles, and Metcier, 

 commenced in the sixth century, and continued till 800, 

 when Egbert reigned alone. The Saxons, notwithstand- 

 ing this division of the kingdom, were subject to one 

 monarch, who was called King of Britain; the mon- 

 archy was not then hereditary, hut that person suc- 

 ceeded who had the greatest power. 



Herculaneum, first suffered by an earthquake, Feb- 

 ruary 5, 63 A. D. ; totally overwhelmed, with Pompeii, 

 by an eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, November 1, 79 A. D. 



H ittit t-s. The, were one of the most important tribes 

 in the south of Canaan. They are mentioned in Gen. x. 

 as the descendants of Heth, a son of Canaan. In the 

 age of Abraham the Hittites inhabited Hebron and its 

 neighborhood (Gen. xxiii.). The primitive seat of the 

 Hittites was probably the Taurus mountains of Asia 

 Minor, from whence, as indicated by the cuneiform re- 

 cords of TeUel-Amarna,'in the latter part of the eight- 

 eenth Egyptian dynasty, they invaded Syria, and later, 

 in the reipn of Rameses II., were settled at Kadesh, 

 ultimately spreading to the south of Palestine. In race 

 the Hittites were probably Turanian, and in their lan- 

 guage allied to the Alarodian family. The peculiar 

 hieroglyphic writings found on Hittite monuments in 

 Syria, Asia Minor, etc., are beginning to be deciphered. 

 In common with the Hyksos, the deity of the Hittites 

 was Seti, the Egyptian "Typhon, and the local goddess 

 <>f Kadesh Anata, the Canaanitish goddess of war. 



Hivites, The, were a Canaanitish people, specially as- 

 sociated with the Amorities, dwelling in the time of 

 Joshua (Josh, ix.) near the center of Palestine, and 

 near Mount Hermon and Mount Lebanon, the latter be- 

 ing regarded as the country of the Amorites in the Egyp- 

 tian texts, and Tel-el-Amarna tablets. The Hivites are 

 first mentioned in Scripture in Gen. x.: 17; they were 

 subjected to tribute by Solomon, after whose reign their 

 name no longer appea'rs. 



Holland, in the fourteenth century, after being ruled 

 for four centuries as a province of France or Germany, 

 came under the rule of the Duke of Burgundy. Several 

 wars, growing out of an attempt to extend the power of 

 the inquisition, occurred between Holland and Spain, 

 the last ending in 1648, when the Netherlands achieved 

 their independence; was overrun by the French, Janu- 

 ary, 1785; secret expedition against, commenced by the 

 Duke of York, August, 1799; British troops evacuated, 

 November, 1799; Louis Bonaparte proclaimed king of , 

 June 11, 1806; decree for annexing it to France, July 9, 

 1810 ; the French expelled, 1813. 



Holy Alliance, The, was a league formed by the 

 Emperors Alexander I. of Russia, Francis of Austria, 

 and King Frederick William III. of Prussia, after the 

 second abdication of Napoleon. The main principles of 

 the alliance were : 1. That the different Governments of 

 Europe belonged to one family of nations. 2. That all 



the different creeds of Christendom were to be accorded 

 full and equal rights in the alliance. 3. That the Chris- 

 tian religion was to be regarded as the moral principle 

 governing in the international conduct and comity of 

 the states. 4. That the Christian religion was to regu- 

 late the whole system of public law. 5. That the allied 

 sovereigns were to give one another united aid in all 

 cases when required. A special article of the treaty 

 also provided that no member of the Bonaparte family 

 should ever sit upon a European throne. Alexander of 

 Russia drew up the agreement and gave it a name. It 

 was signed by the three monarchs, September 26, 1815, 

 but it was not wholly made public until February 2, 1816. 

 All the Governments of Europe, except Rome, which 

 had not been invited, probably through fear that the 

 Pope would claim the firBt place in its councils, and thus 

 revive the old difficulty of the supr >macy of the Church 

 over Christian Governments, and England, which had 

 declined, became members of the alliance. The alliance 

 accomplished but little, and after Alexander's death, in 

 1825, the compact lost authority, and the French Revo- 

 lution of 1830 caused a wide breach between the parties 

 to it. The formation of the Prussian Diet, in 1847, the 

 European uprising in 1848, the re-establishment of the 

 Napoleon dynasty in 1850, and finally the war of Russia 

 against England, France, and Turkey in 1854, brought 

 about the complete dissolution of the alliance. 



Hottentots, The, are an African native race, occupy- 

 ing the country north from the Cape Colony to Mossa- 

 medes, stretching westward to the Atlantic, and bounded 

 on the east by the Kalahari desert. Formerly a numer- 

 ous nation, the Hottentots have been greatly diminished 

 by the oppression of the Boers, and the race is no w nearly 

 extinct. The Hottentots include the Griquas, Bushmen, 

 Korannas, Namaquas, and Damaras. 



Huguenots, Protestants firstcalled so in France, from 

 a German word signifying "allied by oath," 1560; mas- 

 sacre of them at Paris, August 24, 1572. 



Hungary, the Pannonia of the ancients, was subject 

 to the Romans, B. C. 11 ; conquered by the Huns under 

 Attila,whenthekingdomof began, A. D.433; annexed to 

 Germany under Charlemagne, but became independent, 

 920 ; the Turks contended with the Germans for it from 

 1540 to 1739, when by the treaty of Belgrade, it was ceded 

 to the latter ; in 1848 occurred the Hungarian revolu- 

 tion, led by Kossuth, and which ended in the independ- 

 ence of Hungary, July 8,1867; the dual monarchy be- 

 tween Austria and Hungary was established in 1867. 



Huns, savage inhabitants of part of Siberia; their 

 kingdom was founded B. C. 230 ; kingdom taken and 

 divided A. D. 48 ; embraced Christianity, 416 ; conquered 

 Scythia and Germany, about 432 ; the kingdom destroyed 

 sooii after the death of Attila, 453. 



Idaho. Ranks sixth in gold, seventh in silver, twelfth 

 in square miles, forty-third in miles of railway, forty- 

 fifth in population. Population, 1890, 84,385. First set- 

 tlement, by Americans, 1842. Organized as a Territorv, 

 1863. Admitted to the Union in 1890. 



Independents, The, or Puritans, in the reign of 

 Charles I. were called "Roundheads." The royalists 

 were nicknamed "The Cavaliers." The former wore 

 their hair short, and [dressed with great simplicity ; the 

 latter wore their hair flowing over their shoulders, and 

 dressed showily and expensively. The two came into 

 collision about the expulsion of the bishops from the 

 House of Lords. The Roundheads insisted on their 

 expulsion, and the severance of the clergy from all 

 secular and state offices. It was in this brawl that the 

 two parties gave each other the nicknames of Round- 

 heads and Cavaliers. 



Indian Territory was originally set apart as a res- 

 ervation for peaceful tribes. Organized in 1834, but not 

 under the same forms of government as the other ter- 

 ritories. The lands are held in common by the Indians, 

 each being allowed to cultivate as much as desired, 

 and whites can hold land only by marrying an Indian. 

 Grazing and agriculture are the leading industries. 

 Oklahoma was opened up to white settlers in 1889, and 

 organized as a territory in the following year, its capr 

 ital being fixed at Gu'thrie. 



Indian War, King Philip's, commenced in New 

 England and ended by his death, August 12, 1767. 



Indiana, first settlement by the French at Vincennes, 

 1730. Ranks second in wheat, fourth in corn, hogs, and 

 agricultural implements, sixth in coal, and population; 

 seventh in horses, oxen, and other cattle, malt and dis- 

 tilled liquors, and wealth ; ninth in hay and milch cows. 

 The inhabitants are largely engaged in agriculture. 

 Large quantities of corn, wheat, oats, pork, and beef 



