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THE CENTURY BOOK OF FACTS. 



are exported. Its mining and manufacturing interests 

 are constantly increasing. 



Indies, East, first discovered by the Romans ; Alex- 

 ander marched into, B. C. 328; discovered by the Portu- 

 guese, A. D. 1487; conquered in 1500, and settled by 

 them in 1506; the first settlement was Goa; the East 

 India Company, established 1600. 



Illinois, first settlement made by the French at Kas- 

 kaskia, 1682. Illinois is in the front rank as an agricul- 

 tural state, surpassing all others in the production of 

 wheat and corn, and second to none in the extent of 

 stock raising. It ranks fourth in population, and next 

 to Missouri in manufacturing, and the sixth in the 

 Union ; its fruit and orchard products are very large. 

 The state abounds in mineral production, coal, lead, 

 and salt being the chief. Its great rivers and lakes pre- 

 sent natural facilities for an extensive commerce. The 

 railroads of the state are greater in the number of miles 

 within the state than any other. 



Iowa, first settlement made by the French Cana- 

 dians at Burlington, 1788. Agriculture and mining are 

 the leading pursuits. The state takes a leadingposition 

 in the production of wheat, corn, and cattle. TTne man- 

 ufactures are important and show great progress an- 

 nually. It ranks first in hogs, second in milch cows, 

 oxen, and other cattle, corn, hay, and oats; third in 

 horses, fifth in barley, sixth in potatoes and rye, seventh 

 in coal and wheat. 



Ireland, was originally occupied by the Celts ; in 432 

 Christianity was introduced by St. Patrick ; from the 

 eighth to the twelfth centuries perpetual warfare ex- 

 isted between the petty kings and their chiefs; con- 

 quered in 1174 by Henry II. of England, and appor- 

 tioned among his Anglo-Norman followers; Parliamen- 

 tary union with Great Britain took place in 1800 ; Catholic 

 Emancipation Act passed, 1829 ; Fenian riots, 1867. 



Iron Crown of Lombardy, The, is not an iron 

 crown, but a magnificent gold diadem, containing a 

 narrow iron band about three-eighths of an inch broad 

 and one-tenth of an inch in thickness, This band was 

 made out of a nail given to Constantino by his mother, 

 and said to be one of the nails used in the crucifixion. 

 The outer circlet of the crown is of beaten gold, set 

 with large rubies, emeralds, and sapphires, and the iron 

 band is within this circlet. The first Lombard king 

 crowned with it was Agilulph, at Milan, in 591. Charle- 

 magne was crowned with it in 774; Friedrich III., in 

 1452; Karl V., in 1530; and Napoleon I., May 23,1805, 

 crowned himself with it. as "King of Italy" in Milan 

 Cathedral. It was given up to Victor Emmanuel on the 

 conclusion of peace with Austria, in 1866. The motto 

 on the crown is, " God has given it me ; beware who 

 touches it." 



Israel, kingdom divided, B. C. 979; ended, and the 

 ten tribes carried captive by Shalmanezar, king of 

 Syria, 720. 



Issus, Battle of, between Darius and Alexander, in 

 which the former lost 100,000 men, B. C. 333. 



Italy, the successor of ancient Rome, suffered con- 

 siderable political change by the aggressions of Napo- 

 leon I. In 1801 Savoy and Piedmont were united to 

 France, the Duchy of Milan, formed the Cis- Alpine re- 

 public, to which, in 1805, the Duchy of Venice was added, 

 forming together the kingdom of Italy, and Genoa was 

 incorporated with France ; Naples was seized, the Pope 

 was deposed, and all Italy, except Sardinia and Sicily, 

 were subjected to France. In 1814, the states were re- 

 stored to their former rulers, except the Duchies of 

 Milan and Venice, which were given to Austria, and 

 formed the Lombardo- Venetian kingdom. In 1848 the 

 great revolution was inaugurated, originating from a 

 simultaneous insurrection in Lombardy and Venice. 

 March 14, 1861, Victor Emmanuel was declared king of 

 Italy, under whom the kingdom was strengthened and 

 consolidated. He was succeeded by Humbert, the pres- 

 ent ruler, in 1878. 



Jacobins were the members of a political club which 

 exercised a great influence during the French Revolu- 

 tion. It was originally called the Club Breton, and was 

 formed at Versailles, when the States-General assembled 

 there in 1789. 



Jacobites (from the Latin Jacobus, " James "), was 

 the name given after the Revolution of 1088 to the ad- 

 herents of the exiled Stuarts James II. (1633-1701), and 

 his son and two grandsons, James Francis Edward, the 

 Chevalier de St. George (1688-1766), Charles Edward 

 (1720-88), and Henry Benedict, Cardinal York (1725-1807). 

 Those adherents were recruited from the Catholics, the 1 



Nonjurors, the High Churchmen, and Tories generally, 

 discontented and place-seeking Whigs, the Episcopa- 

 lians and Highlanders of Scotland, and the great body of 

 the Irish people. 



Jamaica, discovered by Columbus, 1494; settled by 

 the Spaniards, 1509; taken from the Spaniards by Ad- 

 miral Penn, May 7, 1655. 



Japan, Empire of, founded by Jimmu, 660 B. C. ; first 

 discovered by the Portuguese, 1549 ; Buddhism was in- 

 troduced into Japan in the sixth century; in 1519 St. 

 Francis Xavier introduced Christianity; in 1615 the 

 priests were exiled, and all foreigners expelled from 

 the island; in 1637, massacre of the Christians began; 

 commercial treaty between the United States and Japan 

 ratified in 1854. 



Jerusalem, Temple of, built B. C. 1094 ; city taken by 

 Nebuchadnezzar after a siege of eighteen months, 5*7"; 

 the second temple finished under Darius, B. C. 515; de- 

 stroyed by Titus, A. D. 70 ; pillaged by the Persians, and 

 90,000 inhabitants killed, 613; taken by the Saracens, 

 637; taken by Godfrey of Boulogne, who was elected 

 king of it, July 5, 1100; conquered by Saladin, 1187 ; now 

 subject to the'Turks. 



Jugurthine War, begun B. C. Ill, and continued 

 five years. 



Juries, first instituted, 970; trial of civil causes by in 

 Scotland enacted, 1815. 



Justice of the Peace, first appointed, 1076. 



Justinian Code, first published, 529. 



Kansas (Garden of the West). Settled by American?. 

 Admitted to the Union, 1861. Ranks fifth in cattle, corn, 

 and rye, seventh in hay and miles of railway, ninth in 

 hogs, horses, wheat, and coal, fourteenth in square 

 miles, twenty-first in population, twenty-fourth in 

 wealth. Agriculture and stock raising form the chief 

 pursuits of the inhabitants. Every variety of cereal 

 and farm products is raised in great quantities. Nearly 

 2,000, 000 acres are mineral lands. Three fourths of the 

 state is suited for agriculture. 



Kentucky, first settled at Boonesboro, 1775, by the 

 English. Agriculture is the main pursuit. Wheat, 

 corn, hemp, flax, and tobacco are leading productions. 

 Fruits of an excellent quality abound. Horses and cut- 

 tle are reared in great numbers. Thousand-- of swim- 

 fatten in the woods. Mining is carried on to a large 

 extent. Kentucky produces nearly one half the tobacco 

 raised in the United States. 



Knights Templars, a religious order instituted 1119 ; 

 flourished in England during the reign of Henry II.; 

 all of them arrested in France in one day; they "we re 

 charged with great crime and great riches; 59 of them 

 were burned alive at Paris, October 13, 1307 ; their order 

 destroyed by Philip of France, 1311. 



La Belle Alliance is the name of a farm some thir- 

 teen miles from Brussels; ever memorable for being 

 the position occupied by the center of the French in- 

 fantry in the battle of Waterloo (June 18, 1815). Napo- 

 leon himself was in the vicinity of this farm, but 

 Wellington was at Mont St. Jean, two miles further 

 north. Between these two spots was La Have Sainte, 

 where were posted the French tirailleurs. The Prus- 

 sians call the battle of Waterloo the " Battle of la Belle 

 Alliance," and the French call it the " Battle of Mont 

 Saint Jean." 



Liberia, First settlement of, on the west coast of 

 Africa, made in 1820, under the patronage of tne Ameri- 

 can Colonization Society. 



Ligny, Battle of, Prussians under Blucher, totally de- 

 feated by the French, June 16, 1815. 



Lincoln's Inn, London, the palace of the Bishop of 

 Chichester, about 1226 ; converted into an inn of court 

 about 1310. 



Louisiana (Creole state). First settlement, by the 

 French, at Iberville, 1699. Admitted to the Union, 1812. 

 Ranks first in sugar and molasses; third in rice; ninth 

 in salt ; twenty-second in population ; twenty-seventh in 

 wealth ; twenty-eighth in square miles ; twenty-ninth 

 in miles of railwav. Holding, as it does, the outlet to 

 the Mississippi Valley, the state is able to control both 

 the foreign and domestic trade of this large and rich 

 section, hence commerce is large and important. The 

 manufacturing interests are comparatively small, ex- 

 cept in sugars and molasses. Agriculture is the chief 

 pursuit. This state is the only part of our country pro- 

 ducing sugar in large quantities. Cotton is largely 

 cultivated. Louisiana ranking fourth in its production. 

 The rice crop is also large, Indian corn and other cere.- 



