HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. 



293 



of canals and railroads has done much to increase its 

 domestic trade. 



North Carolina (Old North State). First settlers, 

 English, Cowan river, 1650. Ranks first in tar and tur- 

 pentine: second in copper; third in peanuts and to- 

 oacco ; fourth in rice ; ninth in cotton ; fifteenth in pop- 

 ulation ; twentieth in miles of railway ; twenty-third 

 in wealth; twenty-sixth in square miles. Agriculture 

 is the leading industry, the chief articles being corn, 

 wheat, tobacco, sweet potatoes, oats, rice, and cotton. 

 Vast forests furnish three times as much pitch, tar, 

 and resin as all the other states together. There are 

 valuable gold mines, and iron, copper, and coal abound. 



Normandy, erected into a dukedom, 876; ceded to 

 France by Henry III., May 20, 1259; taken by the Eng- 

 lish in 1419, and retained until 1425; finally joined to 

 France under Charles VII. 



Norway, the ancient Scandinavia, including Sweden, 

 united with Denmark, 998; in 1319 Norway and Sweden, 

 for a short time, became united under Magnus V. ; in 

 1397 Norway, Sweden, and Denmark were again united, 

 which union remained in force until 1523, when Sweden 

 emancipated herself; Norway was annexed to Sweden, 

 November 4, 1814, by the treaty of Kiel. 



Notaries Public, originally appointed by the Fathers 

 of the Christian Church to collect the acts and memoirs 

 of martyrs in the first century ; sincechanged into com- 

 merciarofflces. 



Nova Scotia, charter granted, 1621; afterwards in the 

 possession of the French, but ceded to England, 1713; 

 peopled by England, 1749. 



Nova Zembla, discovered by Capt. Hugh "Willoughby, 

 1553 ; has no permanent inhabitants. 



Oath, swearing on the Gospels, first used, 528; first 

 administered in judicial proceedings by the Saxons 

 about 600. 



Ohio was first settled by the English, at Marietta, in 

 1788. Ranks first in agricultural implements and wool ; 

 second in petroleum, iron, and steel ; third in popula- 

 tion, wheat, sheep, coal, malt, and distilled liquors; 

 fourth in printing and publishing, salt, soap, and 

 wealth ; fifth in milch cows, hogs, horses, hay, tobacco, 

 iron ore, and miles of railway. The agricultural inter- 

 est is very large. Great crops of wheat, corn, oats, bar- 

 ley, hay, potatoes, garden and orchard products are 

 raised;' also flax, tobacco, and grapes. Coal and iron 

 mining are extensively carried on in the eastern and 

 southern parts, and large numbers of live stock are sent 

 to the eastern markets. Its commerce by lake, river, 

 canal, and railroad transportation, is very large. 



Olympiads, games instituted at Olympia by Pelops, 

 in honor of Jupiter, B. C. 1307 ; they were revived by the 

 Greeks about 400 years after the'destruction of Troy, 

 and continued until the reign of Theodosius the Grea't, 

 when a new code of reckoning began; the first 

 Olympiads began July 23, 776, Coraebus being then the 

 Olympic victor ; the last ended about 440 B. C. 



Ontario is the most important province of Canada. 

 Principal products are grain, fruit, lumber, petroleum, 

 copper, and iron. The population of Ontario is one 

 third of the whole Dominion. Toronto, the capital, is 

 the manufacturing and educational center. The popu- 

 lation of the province is largely of British descent. 



Oregon was first settled by the Americans in 1811. 

 Agriculture, stock raising, and lumbering are the chief 

 pursuits; wheat being the staple article of the former, 

 while most of the cereals of the middle states flourish. 

 Cutting timber from the immense pine forests of the 

 state gives employment to great numbers of inhabitants. 



Orange, Title of, first in the Nassau family by the 

 marriage of Claude de Chalons, the Prince of Orange's 

 sister, with the Count of Nassau, 1530; the Prince of 

 Orange was applied to by England for assistance, 1688; 

 landed at Torbay, in England, with an army, November 

 5, 1688 ; took on him the government at the invitation of 

 the Lords ; declared king of England, February 13, 1689. 



Organs. First introduced into churches by Pope 

 Vitallian I..C83; into the western churches, 826. 



Ostrogoths, their kingdom began in Italy, 476 ; 

 ended 554. 



Ottoman, or Turkish Empire, founded by Othman I., 

 in 1299, in Asia Minor, and soon extended fnto Europe. 

 With the capture of Constantinople, in 1453, it suc- 

 ceeded to the Byzantine Empire. 



Paganism, finally overthrown in the Roman Empire 

 in the reign of Theodosius between 388 and 395. 



Palatines. Seven thousand families of these poor 

 Protestants were driven by the French from their habi- 



tations on the banks of the Rhine, and came to Eng- 

 land : a brief was granted to collect alms for them. 

 Five hundred families went under the protection of the 

 government to Ireland and the rest were sent to New 

 York and Hudson's Bay; they finally went to Pennsyl- 

 vania, where they settled. 170'J. 



Pandects, a system of laws accidentally discovered at 

 Amalfl, Italy, 1137. 



Pantheon, The, at Rome, built by Agrippa B. C. 25. 

 Paris, made the capital of France,' 510 ; consumed by 

 fire, 588 ; barricaded to oppose the entry of the Duke of 

 Guise, 1588; again 1688, in opposition to the regency; 

 first parliament held, 1302 ; general confederation in the 

 Champ de Mars, July 14, 1790 ; an armed mob forced the 

 Tuilenes and insulted the king of France, June 

 20, 1792; Tuileries again attacked and Swiss Guard 

 massacred by the Populists, August 1C . 1792 ; royal fam- 

 ily imprisoned in the temple, August 14; massacre of the 

 state prisoners, September 2-5, 1792; Lord Malmesbury 

 negotiated for peace, October 28, 1796 } Napoleon arrivecl 

 at midnight, December 18, 1812; allied sovereigns en- 

 tered, March 31, 1814; Louis XVIII. entered May 3, 1814 ; 

 Napoleon returned to, from Elba, March 21, 1815; left it 

 to meet the allied forces, May 2, 1815 ; capitulated to the 

 allies, July 3, 1815; treaties of general peace signed, 

 November 20, 1815. 



Pauls, St., London, built by Ethelbert, King of Kent, 

 on the foundation of an old temple of Diana, 596; 

 burned, 964; rebuilt and consecrated, 1240; it was 

 150 years building; again burned down, it was re- 

 built, 1631 ; first stone of the present building laid, 1675 ; 

 finished, 1710, at an expense of about $5,000,000. 



Persecution, by the Jews, the first in 33; second, 44; 

 first general of the Christians under Nero, 64; second 

 under Domitian, 93 ; third under Trajan, 107 ; fourth 

 under Marcus Aurelius, 104; fifth under Severus, 202; 

 sixth under Maximinus, 235 ; seventh under Decius, 250 ; 

 eighth under Valerian, 257; ninth under Aurelian,272; 

 tenth under Diocletian, 302; eleventh by the Arians 

 under Coustantius, 337 ; twelfth under Julian the Apos- 

 tate, 361; Luther's followers persecuted in Franconia, 

 1525. The Protestants persecuted in England, 1556 ; in 

 France, 1723. 



Persian Empire, began under Cyrus after his con- 

 quest of Media, B. C. 536; ended in the conquest of 

 Darius, about 330; a new empire called the Parthian 

 was founded upon its ruins by the Persians under Ar- 

 baces, B. C. 250, but took its original name under Arta- 

 xerxes, 229 ; the Saracens, however, A. D. 651, put an end 

 to that empire and Persia became a prey to the Tartars, 

 and the province of Hindustan, until the emperor Kouli 

 Kahn raised it to a powerful kingdom ; emperor assas- 

 sinated by his relatives, 1747. 



Pennsylvania (Keystone State). First settlement, 

 English, Philadelphia, 1682. Ranks first in rye, iron 

 and steel, petroleum, and coal ; second in wealth, popu- 

 lation, manufactories, buckwheat, potatoes, printing, 

 and publishing; third in miles of railway, milch cows, 

 hay, soap ; fourth in oats and tobacco ; fifth in silk 

 goods, wool, malt and distilled liquors; sixth in salt, 

 copper, and agricultural implements; eighth in horses 

 and sheep; thirtieth in square miles. Pennsylvania 

 ranks next to New York in wealth, population, and 

 manufactures. Industries : The people are largely en- 

 gaged inagriculture, mining, and manufactures ; wheat, 

 corn, orchard fruits, potatoes, butter, and wool, are the 

 chief products. The farms are generally large and well 

 conducted. The manufactures are very extensive, and 

 comprise a great variety of articles ; iron, cotton, and 

 woolen goods being the leading articles. In the pro- 

 duction of coal and iron Pennsylvania surpasses all 

 other states. 



Pharsalia, Battle of, where Porupey was defeated bv 

 Caesar, B. C. 47. 



Philippi, Battie of, which terminated in the Roman 

 Republic, B.C. 41. 



Phoenicians, by order of Pharaoh Necho, sailed from 

 the Red Sea, round Africa, and returned by the Med- 

 iterranean, B. C. 607. 



Picts. First mentioned in history, 284; kingdom of , 

 began in Scotland, 823; extirpated by the Scots, 840; 

 Pict's wall between England and Scotland built, 123. 



Plague. Almost the whole world visited by one, 

 B. C. 767 ; in Rome, which carried off 10,000 persons in a 

 day, 78 A. D. ; in England, that carried off 34,000, 772 ; in 

 Scotland, wherein 40,000 died, 954; in England, 1247; 

 again, 1347 ; in Germany, which cut off 90,000 people, 1348 ; 

 in Paris and England, when 57,000 died in England, 1362 ; 

 again in England, 30,000 killed in London, 1407 ; at Con- 

 stantinople, when 200,000 persons died, 1611; at Lyons, 



