296 



THE CENTURY BOOK OF FACTS. 



wealth. Stock raising is the leading industry, Texas 

 ranking first in this production. Agriculture exten- 

 sively engages the attention of its inhabitants; corn, 

 wheat, and the other cereals are raised in the northern 

 part ; sweet potatoes, sugar cane, tobacco, and tropical 

 fruits in the southern part. Its commerce consists of 

 exports of cotton, hides, and live stock. The state has 

 vast resources that have not, as yet, been fully devel- 

 oped ; an abundance of most valuable "timber, large 

 deposits of coal, iron, and salt, and other useful 

 minerals. 



Teutones, The, were a German tribe, mentioned by 

 Roman writers as inhabiting the northwest part of Ger- 

 many north of the Elbe. In conjunction with the Cim- 

 bri.they invaded Gaul, 103 B. C., destroying three Roman 

 armies, and then proceeded to invade Italy ; but the 

 Teutones were defeated and almost annihilated by 

 Marius at Aquae Sextiae, 102 B. C.,and the Cimbri at 

 Campus Raudius, near Verullae, 101 B. C. 



Tennessee, settled at Fort London, 1757, by the Eng- 

 lish. Agriculture is the most important industry, the 

 staples oeing wheat, cotton, corn, hemp, and tobacco. 

 In the production of tobacco, the state ranks third. 

 The iron and coal interests are growing rapidly, and 

 will prove one of the richest resources. The marbles of 

 the state are esteemed for their color and variety. Im- 

 mense numbers of swine and mules are raised in the 

 state. The manufacturing industries are better devel- 

 oped than in any of the southern central states. A large 

 internal commerce is carried on by means of the rivers 

 and railroads of the state. 



Theater, that of Bacchus at Athens, first ever erected, 

 built by Philos, B. C.420; the ruins still exist; plays 

 were opposed by the Puritans, 1633, and suspended till 

 1660, when Charles II. licensed two companies ; till this 

 time boy s performed women's parts; Sir William Dave- 

 narit introduced operas, 1684. 



Thebes, founded 1571 B. C. ; citadel built by Cadmus, 

 1493; flourished as a republic, 820; destroyed by Alex- 

 ander, with the slaughter of 120,000 persons, when he 

 left only the house of Pindar, the poet, standing, 335; 

 rebuilt by Cassander, B. C. 315. 



Thermopylae, defended by Leonidas B. C. 480, dur- 

 ing the invasion of Xerxes; Romans defeated An- 

 tiochusat, 191. 



Thrace, a considerable part of ancient Greece an- 

 nexed to Macedon by Philip and Alexander about 355 ; 

 conquered by the Romans, 168 ; Byzantium was its cap- 

 ital, on the ruins of which Constantinople was built ; 

 taken by the Turks, 1453. 



Tilts and Tournaments, instituted by Henry I. of 

 Germany, 919; forbidden by the Council of Rheims, 

 1131 ; in fashion in England in the eleventh and twelfth 

 centuries; abolished in France 1560, Henry II. having 

 been killed in one. 



Tithes, first given by Moses to the tribe of Levi, B. C. 

 1490 ; established in France under Charlemagne ; estab- 

 lished by law by the Lateran Council, 1215. 



Tobacco Plant, found by the Spaniards in the penin- 

 sula of Yucatan, 1220; introduced into France by Nicot, 

 1560 ; first brought into England by Ralph Lane. 1583. 



Toulouse, France, founded about B. C. 615 : a dread- 

 ful tribunal established there to extirpate heretics, 1229 ; 

 dissolved 1242 ; the troubadours or rhetoricians of, had 

 their origin about 1150, and consisted of a fraternity of 

 poets whose art was extended throughout Europe and 

 gave rise to the Italian and Spanish poetry. 



Trojan War commenced B. C. 1193. The kingdom 

 0f Troy began by Scamander, from Crete, B. C.1546; 

 city built, B. C. 1255; burned, B. C. 1184, when an end 

 was put to the kingdom. 



Tunis and Tripoli, formerly the republic of Car- 

 thage. Carthage stood nearly where Tunis now stands. 

 The former was besieged by Louis IX. of France, 1270; 

 it remained under African kings till taken by Barba- 

 rossa under Solyman the Magnificent; Barbarossa was 

 expelled by Charles V. but the country was recovered 

 by the Turks under Selim II., since which it has been 

 tributary to the Grand Seignior; it has long been a de- 

 pendency of Turkey. 



Turkish Empire, founded about 998; at the end of 

 the thirteenth century, pthman established the present 

 empire in Asia Minor; in the fourteenth century they 

 invaded Europe and in 1453 took Constantinople; the 

 capture of Constantinople was followed by other im- 

 portant conquests, among which were Greece and Ara- 

 bia ; the glorv of the empire culminated in the reiern of 

 Solyman the Magnificent, 1520-1566; after his death be- 

 gan the decline of the Ottoman empire ; Austria expelled 

 them from Hungary, Russia deprived them of the prov- 



inces between the mouths of the Danube and the Cau- 

 casus in Europe, and those forming western Trans-Cau- 

 casia in Asia; the Greeks formed an independent state ; 

 Algiers was wrested from them by the French; the 

 power of the Porte has nearly vanished from the 

 provinces of Asia Minor, Arabia^ and Egypt, and finally 

 the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-7* has deprived thi: 

 Porte of much of the territory in Europe. 



Tuileries, The, is the name' of a garden and palace in 

 Paris, built oii the site of an ancient fiii>ri</n< (/> //;/,>. 

 It was composed of three great pavilions, called the 

 pavi/londeAfrsa>i,(nort\\),tlieiMnllonde Flare (*\rt\\i. 

 and the pavilion de V Hnrloge (center). It was joined to 

 the Louvre by Napoleon III. (1851-6). The land was 

 bought by Francois I. in 1564, and the original palace 

 was made for Catherine de Medicis after the design of 

 Philibert Delorme. 



Tuscany, the ancient seat of the Etruscans, belonged 

 to Germany till 1240. 



Tyre, a city of great antiquity, suffered destruction 

 at an early period ; rebuilt under Nimus ; taken by Nebu- 

 chadnezzar after a siege of thirteen years; it became 

 subject to the Romans, B. C. 64. 



Utah was first settled by Americans at Salt Lake city. 

 1847. Organized as a territory, 1850: admitted as a state. 

 1896. Ranks third in silver; tenth in gold ; fifteenth in 

 coal. 



Varangians, The,, were the Norse vikings, who, in 

 the ninth century lai'd the foundations of the Russian 

 Empire. Many of them entered the service of the By- 

 zantine emperors, and in the days of the Comneni the 

 Varangians regularly formed the imperial bodyguard at 

 Constantinople. The Varangians at Constantinople were 

 largely recruited by Anglo-Saxons and Danes from Eng- 

 land after the Norman Conquest. 



" Vaticanus Mons " is a hill at Rome, chiefly noted 

 for its magnificent palaceof the popes, the Vatican, with 

 its superb gardens, its museums, celebrated library, and 

 basilica of St. Peter. The palace was constructed in 

 498, but has often been enlarged. 



Valencia, conquered by the Moors under Abdallah 

 Ciz, and lost by them, 1094; relinquished to the Moors 

 again bv the king of Castile ; soon after taken again by 

 Jariies I. of Aragon,1238, and with Aragon united with 

 Spain, 1492; capitulated to the French Januarj 9, 1812. 



Vandals, The, inhabited Germany and embraced 

 Christianity, 400; began their kingdom in Spain, 411 ; in- 

 vaded and conquered the Roman territories in Africa 

 under Genseric, 430; sacked and pillaged Rome, 455. 



Vermont (Green Mountain State). First settled by 

 the English, Fort Dummer, 1764. Ranks fourth in cop- 

 per; seventh in hops and buckwheat; twenty-sixth in 

 wealth ; thirty-second in population ; fortieth in square 

 miles ; forty-first in miles of railway. The state is noted 

 for its rich quarries of marble, soapstone, and slate, 

 which are worked at several points. It is also noted as a 

 good grazing country. The dairy products are exten- 

 sive and valuable. Stock raising is carried on to a con- 

 siderable extent. 



Vendome Column, The, in Paris was erected by Na- 



Eoleon 1. 1806, in the Place Vendome, to commemorate 

 is successful campaign in Germany ; pulled down by 

 the Communists 1871, but restored \ry the National As- 

 sembly, 1874. It is one hundred and thirty-two feet high, 

 with a statue of Napoleon I. at the top. 



Venice. Originally inhabitated by the Veneti ; con- 

 quered by the Gauls" and made a kingdom about B. C. 

 356 ; conquered f or the Romans by Marcellus, 221. The 

 islands on which the city now stands began to be in- 

 habited by Italians about 421 ; its university founded, 

 1592. 



Vesuvius, eruptions of, A. D. 79, 203, 272; ejected 

 flames that were seen at Constantinople ; obscured the 

 sun at noonday, and ravaged all Campania; was in 

 an active state of eruption upward of 35 times, between 

 the years 472 and the present. 



Vienna, the capital of Austria-Hungary, was orig- 

 inally Vindobona of Upper Pannonia ; afterwards cap- 

 ital 6f the east provinces of the empire of Charlemagne ; 

 besieged by the Turks in 1529. and again in 1683; the 

 French took it in 1806 and in 1809; the Congress of 

 Vienna, which fixed for a time the limits of the countries 

 of Europe, was held here tfovcmber, 1814, to June, 1815. 



Vikings, The, were thW piratical Northmen who in- 

 fested the coasts of the British Islands and of France in 

 the eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries. This word is 

 quite unconnected with " king," being derived from 

 the Scandinavian vik, " a bay " (the same which appears 



