RELIGION, EDUCATION, FINE ARTS. 



501 



gences. The same council prescribes that all 

 indulgences must be granted " gratis." 



Cambridge, University of, is situated 

 at the town of Cambridge, forty-eight miles 

 northeast of London. The first regular society 

 .of students was that of Peter-House, founded 

 in 1257. The history of the University, how- 

 ever, may be said to date from the opening of 

 the twelfth century, but until the year men- 

 tioned there were no public halls or hostels, each 

 student living in his own hired lodging. About 

 1257 the students began to live together in 

 hostels, under the rule of a principal. These 

 hostels were named after the saints to whom 

 they were dedicated, the churches which they 

 adjoined, or the persons who formerly built or 

 possessed them. In the year 1280 there were 

 as many as thirty-four, and some of them 

 contained from twenty to forty masters of arts, 

 and a proportionate number of younger stu- 

 dents. These hostels were the beginning of 

 what may be called the college system, which 

 distinguishes the sister universities of Oxford 

 and Cambridge from those of Edinburgh, 

 London, and the Continent. All the royal 

 and religious foundations, with one exception, 

 which now constitute the University were en- 

 dowed between the latter part of the thirteenth 

 and the close of the sixteenth century. The 

 governing body of the university is the senate ; 

 but, before being submitted to it, all university 

 laws must be approved by the council, a body 

 elected by the resident members of the senate. 

 After the chancellor and high steward, the 

 chief executive power is vested in the vice- 

 chancellor, who is elected annually from the 

 heads of colleges. There are three terms in 

 this university the Michaelmas, or October 

 term; the Lent term, and the Easter term. 

 To take an ordinary B.A. degree, a student 

 must reside nine terms. The M.A. degree 

 follows, without examination, about four years 

 after. There are four classes of students 

 Fellow Commoners and Noblemen, Pensioners, 

 Sizars and Subsizars, and the more distin- 

 guished, who are elected Scholars on the foun- 

 dation of this college. The pensioners are the 

 great body of students, are not on the founda- 

 tion, and pay for their own commons, viz., 

 dinners in halls, etc., and for their rooms. 

 The sizars are poorer students, selected, how r - 

 ever, by examination, who receive free com- 

 mons and certain money payments, and are 

 admitted at lower charges than the pensioners, 

 but wear the same dress and are no longer sub- 

 ject to the performance of menial offices, as 

 they once were. The scholars are elected, by 

 examination, from the pensioners and sizars. 

 They are on the foundation of the college, from 

 which they receive certain emoluments. The 



fellows are subsequently elected from the schol- 

 ars and the students who have distinguished 

 themselves in the Tripos examinations. The 

 University has forty professors, in addition to 

 readers, demonstrators, and assistants. The 

 tutor of the college is understood to be in loco 

 parentis to his pupils, the dean has the over- 

 sight of " religion and morals," and instruction 

 is given by college lecturers. The great prizes 

 at the University are the Fellowships, of which 

 there are about four hundred. The follow- 

 ing is a list of the colleges and their founders : 

 St. Peter's College or Peter-House, founded by 

 Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of Ely, 1257 ; Clare 

 College, founded under the name of University 

 Hall by Richard Baden in 1326, was burned in 

 1338, and rebuilt and endowed by Elizabeth, 

 Countess of Clare ; Pembroke College, founded 

 by the Countess of Pembroke, 1347 ; Gonville 

 and Caius College, founded by Edward Gon- 

 ville in 1348 ; Trinity Hall, founded by William 

 Bateman, Bishop of Norwich, 1350; Corpus 

 Christi or Benedict College, founded by the 

 guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed 

 Virgin, 1351 ; King's College, founded by 

 Henry VI., 1441 ; Queens' College, founded 

 by Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI. , 1446 ; 

 St. Catherine's College or Hall, founded by 

 Robert Wodelarke, provost of King's College, 

 1473 ; Jesus College, founded by John Alcock, 

 Bishop of Ely, 1496 ; Christ College, founded 

 by the Countess of Richmond, 1505 ; St. John's 

 College, founded by the Countess of Rich- 

 mond, 1511 ; Magdalene College, founded by 

 Thomas, Baron Audley, of Walden, 1519 ; 

 Trinity College, founded by Henry VIII., 

 1546 ; Emmanuel College, founded by Sir 

 Walter Mildmay, 1584; Sidney Sussex College, 

 founded by Lady Frances Sidney, 1598 ; Down- 

 ing College, founded by Sir George Downing, 

 1800. 



Oxford University is one of the two 

 greatest seats of learning in Great Britain. It 

 is situated at Oxford, fifty-two miles from 

 London, and comprises twenty colleges and six 

 halls the latter for the residence of students. 

 The colleges, their founders, and the dates 

 thereof, are as follows : University College, 

 founded by William of Durham, 1249 ; Bal- 

 liol, by John Balliol and Devorgilla, his wife, 

 between 1263 and 1268 ; Merton, by Walter 

 de Merton, Bishop of Rochester, at Maiden, 

 in 1264, and removed to Oxford before 1274 ; 

 Exeter, by Walter de Stapleton, Bishop of 

 Exeter, 1314; Oriel, by Edward II., 1320; 

 Queen's, by Robert Eglesfield, chaplain to 

 Philippa, queen of Edward III., 1340; New, 

 by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winches- 

 ter, 1386 ; Lincoln, by Richard Fleming, 

 Bishop of Lincoln, 1427 ; All Souls', by Henry 



