RELIGION, EDUCATION, FINE ARTS. 



513 



Boston, a Romanesque or Byzantine structure, 

 is the work of Richardson. The original design 

 was improved in 1886, and, as now completed, 

 furnishes perhaps the noblest church edifice in 

 the United States. 



The Cathedral of St. John the Divine; New 

 York, which gives promise of great architec- 

 tural beauty, is in the modified Romanesque 

 style of architecture. 



The Temple Emmanuel in New York city has 

 a most ornate and symmetrical exterior, with 

 two towers and an arcade in the center, and 

 although the effect is pretty and fanciful rather 

 than grand, it ranks among the finest of the 

 religious edifices of that city. The Rodef 

 Shalom synagogue, Philadelphia, has an ef- 

 fective facade, and is Gothic in sentiment 

 notwithstanding its Moorish forms. The Syn- 

 agogue Emmanuel in San Francisco is pecul- 

 iar among synagogues from the fact that the 

 windows are filled with Gothic tracery and its 

 walls and towers set with Gothicized but- 

 tresses. 



Memorial Hall of Harvard University is built 

 of brick banded in the Lombard style with 

 buff tiles bearing geometric designs in blue. 

 The central tower rises above the Memorial 

 Hall while smaller towers, all of the English 

 Gothic, flank its walls. 



The Art Museum at Cincinnati, in the Ro- 

 manesque style, has two ranges of rectangular 

 twin windows, and the plain walls of the up- 

 permost story are unrelieved save by blind 

 arches. The central hall is the most striking 

 feature of the interior. The walls are of lo- 

 cal blue limestone, with cornices and arches 

 of Missouri granite ; the roof is of red Akron 

 pantiles. The eastern wing has a fine polyg- 

 onal apse with nine pairs of windows and a 

 tall tower on the line of the entrance front. 



The Museum of Fine Arts at Boston, com- 

 menced in 1871, is one of the first buildings in 

 the United States upon which terra cotta made 

 in England from the architect's drawing has 

 been extensively used. This structure may 

 be called Italian Gothic ; upon the ground 

 floor it has arched openings in groups sepa- 

 rated by buttresses, while above these large 

 panels, some of them filled with sculptures, 

 mask the picture gallery. The entrance is 

 through a pair .of arches. 



The Masonic Temple of Philadelphia is a very 

 imposing and massive building. It dominated 

 Penn Square until the City Hall arose be- 

 side it. It is built of gray granite, and the 

 exterior is round arched and may be called 

 Romanesque, but does not strictly conform to 

 the Norman phase of that style. 



Harvard CoUeye, time honored in this 

 , though it would be young in the old 



world, marks in its various structures all the 

 phases through which American architecture 

 has passed. Its finest buildings are un- 

 doubtedly its most modern ones. These are 

 the Memorial Hall, the Gymnasium, the Law 

 School and Seaver Hall, the last three of which 

 are the work of Richardson. 



The University of Pennsylvania comprises a 

 group of Gothic structures built of green ser- 

 pentine, with dressings of Ohio stone. There 

 is little ornament, but the grouping is effective 

 and the general effect satisfactory. Recent 

 buildings have been added of a very pleasing 

 style and admirably express their purpose. 



Stone Hall, Wellesley College, is a fine struc- 

 ture and what may be called Free Classic, but 

 in its stepped gables and in the lines of its cen- 

 tral pavilion approaches Flemish Renaissance. 

 The entrance is well accentuated, contrasting 

 admirably with the curtain-walls which inter- 

 vene between it and t 5 he tower-like blocks 

 which mark the intersection of the center with 

 its wings. 



The Art School at Yale is a species of Gothic, 

 but is of heavy outline, and its tower is without 

 sufficient prominence. Most of the newer Yale 

 buildings are in this style, including the Pea- 

 body Museum, which is perhaps the best. 



Princeton has a good Gothic dormitory, and 

 the Lecture Hall of the theological seminary, 

 with its groups of cusped windows, is effective. 

 The buildings of the Chicago University and 

 Leland Stanford, Jr., University exhibit 

 unique and pleasing styles. 



Some of the best specimens of architecture 

 in America, in addition to those already no- 

 ticed, are the City Hall of San Francisco, Alle- 

 gheny Court House of Pittsburg, the Boston 

 Public Library, Ridgway Library of Philadel- 

 phia, the Libraries at Burlington, Vt., and 

 Woburn, Massachusetts, the Metropolitan 

 Opera House, New York city, the Casino of 

 the same city, Memorial Hall in Fairmount 

 Park, Ponce de Leon Hotel at St. Augustine, 

 Auditorium Theater, Chicago, the Century 

 and Metropolitan Clubs, New York, the Carne- 

 gie Library at Pittsburg. the Pennsylvania 

 Railroad Station at Philadelphia, South Termi- 

 nal Station, Boston, and the National Academy 

 of Design, New York city ; though many more 

 might be mentioned of varying degrees of merit. 



Alexandrian Codex is an important 

 manuscript of the Sacred Scriptures written in 

 Greek. It is written on parchment, in finely- 

 formed uncial letters, and is without accents, 

 marks of aspiration, or spaces between the 

 words. Its probable date is the latter half of 

 the sixth century. With the exception of a 

 few gaps, it contains the whole Bible in 

 Greek, along with the Epistles of, Clemens 



