RELIGION, EDUCATION, FINE ARTS. 



549 



law in all courts of justice. (Constitution, Art. VII., 

 sec. 21.) From the letter of the attorney-general, Hon- 

 orable William A. Ketchum: The words, "being a vo- 

 ter" has been held by the courts to have no limitation 

 in excluding those who are not voters, and women are 

 admitted to practice. The only substantial requirement 

 is that the applicant shall be of good moral character, 

 and at times this may not be very rigidly insisted upon. 

 It seems to be the theory that it is not very important 

 who is admitted to practice law, as after he has been ad- 

 mitted to practice if he does not know enough to justify 

 his admission, he will not get any practice anyhow. 



Iowa. Must be a citizen (of "the state) and of good 

 moral character. There is no provision regarding a lib- 

 eral education, but the want of it is considered in deter- 

 mining the applicant's qualifications. Must pursue a 

 regular course in the study of law for at least two years 

 in the office of a practicing attorney of this state, or a 

 course of two years of thirty-six weeks each in some 

 reputable law school in the United States. Examina- 

 tion is conducted by three members of the bar, one of 

 whom must be attorney-general. The written questions 

 are prepared by the supreme court ; the oral examina- 

 tion is conducted in open court. 



Kansas. Any person being a citizen of the United 

 States, who has read law for two years, the last of which 

 must be in the office of a regularly practicing attorney, 

 who shall certify as to the good character and domicil 

 of the applicant, after passing a satisfactory examina- 

 tion before any district court of the state, and taking 

 the prescribed oath, shall be admitted to practice. 

 Graduates of the School of Law of the University of 

 Kansas are admitted to practice in the district and 

 inferior courts without further examination. 



Louisiana. Must be citizen of state; present cer- 

 tificate of good moral character. Must present certifi- 

 cate that two years have been spent in study of law. The 

 court will not be satisfied with the qualifications of a can- 

 didate in point of legal learning unless it shall appear 

 that he is well read in the following course of studies at 

 least : Constitution (Story), Law of Nations (Vattel or 

 Wheaton), History of the Civil Law in Louisiana, Louis- 

 iana Civil Code, Code of Practice, General Statutes, In- 

 stitutes of Justinian, Domat's Civil Law, Pothier on Ob- 

 ligations, Blackstone's Commentaries (fourth book), 

 Kent's Commentaries, Mercantile Law (Smith), Insur- 

 ance (Wood), Negotiable Paper (Story, or Parsons and 

 Daniel), Evidence (Greenleaf, Starkie or Phillips), Crimes 

 (Russell), criminal procedure (Bishop), and the Jurispru- 

 dence of Louisiana. 



Maine. Nothing in the way of citizenship or liberal 

 education, but character must be satisfactory to justice 

 presiding at time of examination. Must have studied 

 law two years in a lawyer's office or law school, and must 

 be vouched for by the member of bar with whom the 

 student has read. The examining committee is com- 

 posed of three members of the bar in each county. 



Maryland. Must have been a citizen two years (of 

 state), and be of good moral character. No liberal edu- 

 cation required by law. Must have been a student of 

 law for the two years immediately preceding his appli- 

 cation, and must be examined by court, if not a gradu- 

 ate of a law school in state. The court selects the ex- 

 amining committee. 



Massachusetts. Must be a citizen of the state, or 

 have declared his intention to become such, and must 

 be of good moral character. Undoubtedly, applicant's 

 command of English, as shown in examination papers, 

 is of weight. Must pass a thorough examination. 



Michigan. Must be a resident in the state, a citizen 

 of the United States, and of good moral character (affi- 

 davit of at least two members of the bar of the state in 

 good standing). The board of examiners will regard 

 applicants who have received bachelors' degrees from 

 any reputable college or university as having prima 

 facie the requisite general educational qualifications 

 for admission to the bar. So also as to graduates of 

 Michigan normal or high schools, or other reputable in- 

 stitutionsof similar character. Recent first grade teach- 

 ers' certificate will also be accepted. Otherwise ap- 

 plicant must pass examination, especially in arithmetic, 

 grammar, elementary algebra, general American and 

 English history, civil government, composition and 

 rhetoric, and English literature. If the professional 

 examination papers of a college or other graduate show 

 deficiencies in education, the writer will be subject to 

 examination. Graduates from law department of Mich- 

 igan University or Detroit College of Law, both having 

 a three years' course, are admitted to bar on their di- 

 ploma. Others must have studied law for three years 



previous to applying for admission, which shall be con- 

 ditioned on the applicant's answering correctly seventy 

 per cent, of the questions asked him in a written and 

 oral examination. 



Minnesota. Applicant must present hisaffidavit that 

 he is of age and is a citizen of the United States, or has 

 declared his intention to become such. Also affidavits 

 from two practicing attorneys that he is a person of 

 good moral character. Hoard'shall examine applicants 

 in such branches of general education as it may deem 

 expedient. Must be examined by state board of ex- 

 aminers in law of real property, conveyances and 

 trusts, equity jurisprudence, p.leading and practice, 

 common law, statute law, code pleading and practice, 

 constitutional law, international law, criminal law, 

 contracts, sales, bailments and negotiable instruments, 

 landlord and tenant, insurance, partnership, agency, 

 suretyship, frauds, damages and liens, torts, domestic 

 relations, executors, administrators, and wills. Attor- 

 neys of five years' standing from any other state or 

 territory of the United States or District of Columbia 

 may, in the discretion of the board, be admitted with- 

 out examination. 



Missouri. Must be an actual resident and of good 

 character. No particular qualification as to liberal edu- 

 cation. Graduates of the St. Louis, Kansas City, and 

 Columbia law schools are exempted from examination. 

 Others are required to pass an examination in open 

 court. 



Montana. Must be a resident of the United States, 

 or have made a bonafide declaration of his intention to 

 become such, and that he is of age ; miist have testimo- 

 nials of good moral character, and have studied law for 

 I two years, as certified to by two reputable counselors 

 at law. The examination is conducted in open court. 



Nebraska. Must be a resident, of age, of good re- 

 pute, and have studied law for two years. Must at least 

 have a good common school education, which is judged 

 from his composition and spelling at examination. 

 Graduates of the College of Law of the University of 

 Nebraska shall be admitted, as far as professional learn- 

 ing is concerned, without examination. Others are ex- 

 amined by court. 



Nevada. Resident of the state and of good moral 

 character. A general education only required. Famil- 

 iarity with the various branches and general practice of 

 the law required, and to this end study in law office is 

 desirable, although not required. The examination is 

 by court or committee. 



"New Jersey. Must take the oath of allegiance, be of 

 age, and of good moral character. Must have served a 

 clerkship of four years with some practicing attorney 

 of the state unless he is a graduate of some college 9r 

 university in the United States, when his clerkship 

 may be acquitted in three years. During the clerkship 

 he must not have been engaged in any other business 

 incompatible with the full and fair bona fide service of 

 his clerkship. No person shall be recommended for 

 license as a counselor at law in this state, unless he first 

 submit himself to examination and give satisfactory 

 evidence of his knowledge of the principles and doc- 

 trines of the law, and of his abilities as a pleader, nor 

 shall any be admitted to such examination until he 

 shall have practiced as an attorney for three years at 

 least. The examination for attorneys and counselors 

 shall be both written and oral. The examining commit- 

 tee is composed of six counselors, two going out each 

 year. 



New Mexico. Must be a citizen of the United 

 States or have declared intention to become such, of 

 good moral character, and bonafide^ resident of New 

 Mexico. Must undergo an examination in open court. 



New York. Must be a citizen and present certificate 

 of good moral character. Liberal education is required. 

 For college graduates two years' study of law is re- 

 quired (for others, three years) either in law school or in 

 office. There is a state board of law examiners. 



North Carolina. One year residence in the state re- 

 quired, as also a certificate of good moral character, 

 signed by two members of the bar. All must undergo 

 an examination and must have read law in a law office 

 or in a law school for twelve months at least. Supreme 

 court conducts examination. 



North Dakota. Must be a resident, of good moral 

 character. All are examined, but applicants must have 

 read law in an office or studied in some reputable law 

 school for two years (thirty-six weeks of session being 

 taken as a year). Supreme court examines applicants. 



Ohio. Must be a citizen of the United States or have 

 declared intention, have resided one year in state, and 



