RELIGION, EDUCATION, FINE ARTS. 



573 



Benaiah L. Whitman, D.D., LL.D., Presi- 

 dent ; Political History and Science. 



Charles W. Needham, LL.D., Dean; The 

 Common Law ; Transportation and Commerce. 



Hon. John M. Harlan, LL.D., Conflict of 

 Laws ; Comparative Constitutional Law. 



Hon. David J. Brewer, LL.D., International 

 Law. 



Hon. John W. Foster, LL.D., Diplomacy 

 and Treaties of the United States. 



Hon. David Jayne Hill, LL.D., European 

 Diplomacy and Treaties. 



Hon. William Wirt Howe, LL.D., An- 

 cient, Roman, Mediaeval Law ; Modern Civil 

 Law. 



Hon. Lyman J. Gage, LL.D., Lecturer on 

 Public Finance. 



Hon. William P. Wilson, Sc.D., Interna- 

 tional Trade and Commercial Geography. 



Joseph French Johnson, B.A., Money, 

 Credits, and Foreign Exchange. 



Hon. Edward H. Strobel, M.A., LL.B., 

 Lecturer on the Jurisprudence of France and 

 Spain. 



Hon. Martin A. Knapp, LL.D., Lecturer on 

 Interstate Commerce Law. 



Hon. Carroll D. Wright, PH.D., LL.D., 

 Social Economics and Statistics. 



Special lecturers are provided upon the 

 Jurisprudence of England, France, Germany, 

 A u stria- Hungary, and Italy, who are authori- 

 ties in their respective subjects. 



Greek Church, The, taken in its widest 

 sense, comprehends all those Christians follow- 

 ing the Greek, or Greco-Slavonic rite, who re- 

 ceive the first seven General Councils, but reject 

 the authority of the Roman pontiff and the later 

 councils of the Western church. The Greek 

 Church calls itself " The Holy Orthodox Cath- 

 olic and Apostolic Church," and includes three 

 distinct branches the church within the Otto- 

 man empire, subject directly to the Patriarch of 

 Constantinople ; the church in the kingdom 

 of Greece ; and the Russo-Greek Church in the 

 dominions of the czar. 



The proper history of the Greek Church, as 

 a separate body, dates from the commence- 

 ment of the Greek schism, or, rather, from the 

 commencement of the efforts on the part of 

 the Church of Constantinople to establish 

 for itself a distinct jurisdiction and an inde- 

 pendent headship in the eastern division of the 

 empire. The ecclesiastical preeminence of 

 Constantinople followed upon the political dis- 

 tinction to which it rose as the seat. of the 

 imperial residence and the center of the impe- 

 rial government. Originally Byzantium (called 

 Constantinople after 330 A. D.) was but a sim- 

 ple episcopal see, but the rank rose with the 

 fortunes of the city ; and before the close of the 



fourth century a canon of the first council of 

 Constantinople, held in 381 , assures to it, on 

 the ground that Constantinople is the "new 

 Rome," the precedence of honor next after 

 the ancient Rome. The present total number 

 of adherents of the Greek Church is about 

 90,000,000. 



College de France, founded by Francis 

 I., 1530, is now a very important educational 

 institution, giving instructi9ii over a very wide 

 field of literature, history, and science. It is 

 independent of the University of France, 

 directly under the Minister of Public Instruc- 

 tion, and is supported by the government. As 

 in the Sorbonne, the lectures are gratuitous, 

 and for the most part are designed to attract 

 auditors older than ordinary university stu- 

 dents. The College comprises two faculties, 

 one literary, one scientific; each has about 

 twenty professors. Among the professors are 

 some of the most distinguished scholars and 

 scientists in France. The subjects mainly 

 covered are political economy, Assyrian and 

 Egyptian archaeology, Arabic, Slavonic litera- 

 ture, French literature, physiology, anatomy, 

 and embryology. 



Escurial, The, is a famous monastery of 

 New Castile, Spain, in the province of Madrid. 

 This solitary pile of granite has been called 

 the eighth wonder of the world, and at the time 

 of its erection surpassed every building of the 

 kind in size and magnificence. It owes its 

 origin, it is said, to an inspired vow made by 

 Philip II. during the battle of St. Quentin. 

 On that occasion he implored the aid of St. 

 Lorenzo, on whose day the battle was fought ; 

 and vowed that should victory be granted to 

 him he would dedicate a monastery to the 

 saint. The Escurial was begun in 1563 and 

 finished in 1584, and was intended to serve as 

 a palace, mausoleum, and monastery. It has a 

 splendid chapel, with three naves. The Pan- 

 theon, or royal tomb, is a magnificently dec- 

 orated octagonal chamber, in the eight sides 

 of which are numerous black marble sar- 

 cophagi. Something of the immensity of the 

 Escurial may be conceived when it is stated 

 that it has 14,000 doors, and 11,000 windows, 

 and its cost was 6,000,000 ducats, or nearly 

 $14,000,000. Its library, previous to the sack 

 of the Escurial by the French in 1808, con- 

 tained 30,000 printed and 4,300 manuscript 

 volumes, mainly treasures of Arabic literature. 

 In 1872 the Escurial was struck by lightning 

 and partially destroyed. 



Jewish Temple, The, at Jerusalem, was 

 erected by Solomon, and, from the descriptions 

 which have come down to iis, probably 

 equaled in magnificence and dimensions any 

 similar building in the ancient world. The 



