574 



THE CENTURY BOOK OF FACTS. 



influence of the Assyrian and Egyptian styles 

 of architecture was probably exhibited in its 

 construction, and at no time did the Jews 

 possess a style which might be called their own. 

 It was consecrated 1004 B. C.; pillaged by 

 Shishak, 971 ; restored by Joash, 856 ; polluted 

 by Ahaz, 740 ; again restored by Hezekiah, 

 726 ; pillaged and burned by Nebuchednezzar, 

 588-587 ; rebuilt, 536, at the period of the 

 return from captivity ; pillaged by Antiochus, 

 168; rebuilt by Herod, 18; and finally de- 

 stroyed by Titus, A. D. 70. Its supposed site 

 is now covered by the Mosque of Omar. 



GLOSSARY OF ART AND MUSI- 

 CAL, TERMS. 



Accompaniment. A secondary part added to the 

 principal for the improvement of the general effect. 



Acanthus. A plant, the ornamental foliage of which 

 is largely employed for architectural decoration, espe- 

 cially on the Corinthian capital. There are two princi- 

 pal species, acanthm mollis and acanthus spinosa, the 

 latter somewhat resembling a thistle. 



Acropolis. A fortified city, or the fortified part of a 

 city, on the summit of a hill. 



Adagio. A slow movement. 



Ad Libitum. Implies that the time of the move- 

 ment is left to the discretion of the performer. 



Allegretto. With cheerful quickness. 



Amphiprostyle. A Greek temple, having two open 

 porticos in front and rear projecting beyond the side 

 walls. 



Amphitheater. A building for gladiatorial and 

 other shows, generally elliptical in form. 



Amphora. A wide earthenware jar with two han- 

 dles. 



Andante. Somewhat sedate ; slowly. 



A ii i ma 1 1>. An i maso. or Con Animata. Animated ; 

 with spirit. 



Angels. In mediaeval art divided into nine degrees : 

 Serapnim, Domination, Princedom, Cherubim, Virtues, 

 Archangels, Thrones, Powers, Angels. The Cupid-like 

 angels were only introduced in the time of the Renas- 

 cence. 



Antae. Rectangular pilasters forming the ends of 

 the walls of the cella of a Greek temple, and supporting 

 the extremities of the architrave. A temple of this 

 form was called a temple " in antis," 



Annulus, 1 Rings of moldings above the lower part 



Annulet. } of the echinus of Doric capitls. 



Antefixa. Terra cotta ornaments placed above the 

 cornice and on the ridge of the roof of Greek temples. 



Apse. The extremity of a church, generally semicir- 

 cular in form and surm'ounted by a semi-dome. 



Aquatint. A process of engraving by acid laid on in 

 even washes with a brush, upon a broken surface formed 

 by a crackled film of resin on the copper. 



Arabesque. An ornament composed of stems, foli- 

 age, leafage of plants, scrolls, and fantastic animals. 

 Not, as its name implies, an Arab invention but found 

 in Greek and Roman architecture. 



Arcade. A series of arches. 



Arch. A curved structure, generally a segment or 

 segments of the circle. Semicircular arches were used 

 by the Romans ; horseshoe arches by the Byzantines and 

 Moors ; pointed arches formed of two intersecting seg- 

 ments of circles by the Gothic builders. 



Archaic. The early period of art when forms were 

 stiff, conventional, and symbolic. 



Architrave. The horizontal part of a structure rest- 

 ing immediately on the capital of column or pilaster. 



Assai. Very"; used as an adverb with another word. 



Astragal. A small semicircular molding at the top 

 of a column beneath the capital, also used to divide the 

 architrave horizontally into parts. Named, from its 

 supposed resemblance to a row of knucklebones. 



A Temp. In regular time. 



Atlantes. Human male figures, employed instead of 

 columns to support the architrave. 



Atrium. A covered court in a Roman house, with an 

 opening in the center (compluvium; and r<jof sloping ia- 

 wards. 



Baldachino. A canopy over seats and other places 

 of honor. 



Barrel Vault. A vault of cylindrical form. 



Baroque. Rococo. 



Base. The lower division of a column on which the 

 shaft is placed ; absent in the Doric order. 



Basilica. A rectangular hall divided by rows of col- 

 umns into three naves, and used by the Romans as a 

 court of justice. Adopted as the typical form of early 

 Christian churches. 



Bas Relief. (Basso relievo.) Figures sculptured on 

 panel projecting less than half their proportions from 

 the surface. 



Bastion. A projecting polygonal buttress on a forti- 

 fication. 



Battlement. A parapet of a fortification, consisting 

 of alternate raised portions and spaces, the latter called 

 crenels or embrasures. 



Bay. A portion of a structure marked off by the di- 

 vision of the vaulting, the arches, or the buttresses. 



Beat. An indication of a certain duration of time. 



Ben. Implying well, as ben marcato. 



Body Color. In water-color painting, color made 

 opaque by intermixture with white. 



Boss. An architectural ornament of ceilings, placed 

 generally where the ribs of the vault meet. 



Buttress. A piece of wall built at right angles to the 

 wall of a building to strengthen the structure, either 

 immediately against the wall or connected by an arch 

 called a flying buttress. 



Byzantine. The style of architecture and painting 

 in use at Constantinople from the sixth to the twelfth 

 century 



Calando. A gradual diminution in speed and tone. 



Caduceus. A wand of laurel or olive on which two 

 snakes are intertwined ; the emblem of Hermes. 



Capital. The, usually ornamented, member which 

 crowns the ton of a column or pillar, and by the form of 

 which the different orders are characterized. 



Caryatides. Female figure, employed instead of col- 

 umns to support the architrave. 



Cella. The internal part inclosed by the walls of a 

 Greek temple. 



Chromatic. Proceeding or formed by seini-t 



Chevron. A zigzag molding used in Romanesque 

 architecture. 



Chevet. A form of apse inclosed by an arcade with 

 a series of chapels round it, common in Romanesque 

 and Gothic churches in France. 



Chiaro-oscuro. The distribution of light and shade. 



Cinquefqil. An ornamental foliation, consisting of 

 five projecting cusps. 



Clerestory. The row of windows forming the third 

 or upper division of the nave wall of a church, rising 

 above the roof of the outer portion of the structure. 



Cloister. A quadrangular covered walk, forming a 

 portion of a monastic building. 



Clustered Column. A pier formed by a number of 

 shafts clustered together, either united, or separate. 



Con. With; as Conexprtssione. 



Column. A column consists of three principal parts : 

 base, shaft, and capital. 



Composite. The last of the five Roman architectural 

 orders, formed by the combination of the Ionic volute 

 with the foliage capital of the Corinthian. 



Corinthian. The third order in the Roman classifi- 

 cation, of Greek origin. Shaft slender and smooth ; 

 capital richly decorated with acanthus leaf ornaments. 



Cornice. The horizontal molded projection termi- 

 nating a building. 



Corona. A molding forming part of a conical, with 

 lower part grooved to form a dripstone. 



Crescendo. A gradual increase in tone. 



Crypt. A subterranean chapel beneatk a church. 



Cupola. A concave roof. 



Cusp Pointed foliations in architectural tracery. 



Cvma. An undulated molding, formed of a concave 

 and convex arc. When the upper arc is convex it is 

 called cyma reversa; when the upper is hollow, it is 

 called cyma recta. 



l>a. By. 



l>ales, or Dal. In a soft, quiet manner. 



Damascened. Metal ornament*-! by inlaying an- 

 other metal. 



Delicato. With delicacy. 



Decorated. The second of th# i^omtec? or Gothic 

 styles of architecture in England. 



