CATHARINE ARCHIPELAGO 



CATHKDKAL 



11 



She was a woman of great ability, but she bad in a 

 lar^'c measure the vices of the time and station in 

 which >he lived. Her gallantries were both liberal 

 and systematic. She always had a paramour who 

 dwelt in her palace, and mi^ht be regarded as tilling 

 mi acknowledged oilice of state, with large revenues 

 and fixed privileges. Of these Potemkin (q.v.) is 

 best remembered. Yet distinguished authors flat- 

 tered her ; and she invited to her court some of the 

 literati and philosophers of France. She professed 

 the desire to model her rule on the enlightened 

 theories of these men, and she did effect some real 

 improvements; but the French revolution made 

 her reactionary. See RUSSIA ; Catharine's own 

 Memoirs (Eng. trans. 1859) ; Carlyle's Friedrich; 

 and works by Waliszewski (trans. 1893 and 1894). 



Catharine Archipelago. See ALEUTIAN 

 ISLANDS. 



Catharine Howard. See HOWARD. 



Catharine of Aragon, Queen of England, 

 the first wife of Henry VIII., and fourth daughter 

 of Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of 

 Castile and Aragon, was born December 1485. 

 She occupies a prominent place in English history, 

 not for wnat she herself was, but for what she was 

 the occasion of the Reformation. Married on 14th 

 November 1501, when scarcely sixteen, to Arthur 

 1 1486-1502), Prince of Wales, son of Henry VII., 

 she was left a widow on 2d April, and on 25th 

 June was betrothed to her brother-in-law Henry, as 

 yet a boy of only eleven years old. The pope's 

 dispensation enabling such near relatives to marry 

 was obtained in 1504, and the marriage took place 

 in June 1509, seven weeks after Henry's accession 

 to the crown as Henry VIII. Between 1510 and 

 1518 she bore him five children, one only of whom, 

 the Princess Mary, survived ; but, though Henry 

 was very far from being a model husband, and 

 though he had conceived a passion for Anne Boleyn 

 (q.v.) as early as 1522, he appears to have treated 

 Queen Catharine with all due respect, until 1527. 

 He now expressed doubts as to the legality of his 

 marriage, and set about obtaining a divorce, which, 

 all other means failing, was at length pronounced 

 by Cranmer in May 1533 (see HENRY VIII.). 

 Queen Catharine, who had offered a dignified pass- 

 ive resistance to all the proceedings, did not quit 

 the kingdom, but took up her residence first at 

 AmpthiTl, in Bedfordshire, and afterwards at Kim- 

 bolton Castle, Huntingdonshire, where she led an 

 austere religious life until, on 7th January 1536, 

 she died, by poison said rumour, but most likely of 

 cancer of the heart. Queen Catharine's personal 

 character was unimpeachable, and her disposition 

 gentle. See Froudes monograph (1891). 



Catharine of Braganza. See CHARLES II. 



Catharine Parr. See PARR (CATHARINE). 



Cathartics ( Gr. kathairo, ' I purify ' ), a name 

 originally for all medicines sxipposed to purify the 

 system from the matter of disease (matenes morbi), 

 which was generally presumed by the ancients to 

 exist in all cases of fever and acute disease, and to 

 require to be separated or thrown off by the differ- 

 ent excretions of the body. Ultimately the term 

 cathartics l>ecame limited in its signification to 

 remedies acting on the bowels, which are popularly 

 called Purgatives (q.v.) a mere translation of the 

 Greek wora. See also CONSTIPATION. 



Cathay is the name by which the Chinese em- 

 pire was commonly known in Europe during 

 medieval times in connection with Marco Polo's 

 travels, for example ; and Kitai is still the Russian 

 name for China. Cathay, originally Khita'i, is 

 derived from the Khitan, the earliest of the northern 

 races known to have conquered China (possibly 

 akin to the Tunguses), who disappeared about 



the beginning of the 12th century. See CHINA ; 

 and Yule, Cathay and the Road Thither ( Hakluyt 

 Society, 1866). 



Cathcart, WILLIAM SCHAW, first Earl Cath- 

 cart, a British general and diplomatist, Hon of the 

 ninth Baron Cathcart of Catncart, Renfrewshire, 

 was born September 17, 1755. Educated at Eton 

 and Glasgow, and admitted an advocate in J776, 

 when he succeeded his father, he next year entered 

 the army, took a prominent part in the American 

 war, and fought with distinction in Flanders and 

 North Germany. In 1803 he was made commander- 

 in-chief in Ireland. In 1805 he was engaged on a 

 diplomatic mission to Russia; in 1807 commanded 

 the land-forces co-operating with the fleet in the 

 attack on Copenhagen, and, for his services, was 

 made a British peer, with the title of viscount, and 

 received a vote of thanks from both Houses of 

 Parliament. Sent in 1813 as ambassador to St 

 Petersburg, he accompanied the Czar Alexander in 

 the campaigns of 1813 and 1814, and was present at 

 the congresses of Chatillon and Vienna. In 1814 

 he was raised to the rank of earl ; and he died June 

 16, 1843. His eldest son and successor, CHARLES 

 MURRAY, long known as Lord Greenock, was born 

 in 1783, served in Spain and at Waterloo, after- 

 wards acted in Canada, and was made a general. 

 He died 16th July 1859. A younger son, SIR 

 GEORGE CATHCART, was born in 1794. Educated 

 at Eton and Edinburgh, he entered the army in 

 1810, served with the Russians in the campaigns of 

 1812 and 1813, and as aide-de-camp to the Duke of 

 Wellington, was present at Quatre nras and Water- 

 loo. After helping to suppress the Canadian re- 

 bellion of 1835, and after holding the post of deputy- 

 lieutenant of the Tower for five years, in 1852 he 

 was made governor at the Cape, with command of 

 the forces, and brought to a successful end the 

 harassing Kaffir war. He returned to England in 

 1854 in time to be sent out to the Crimea as general 

 of division. His bravery here was conspicuous, 

 especially in the battle of Inkermann (November 

 5), where the odds were so terribly against the 

 British, and where he fell, shot through the heart. 

 He was buried on the spot where he fell, which in 

 his honour was named Cathcart's Hill. Cathcart 

 was the author of a very valuable work entitled 

 Commentaries on the War in Russia and Germany 

 in 1812-13 ( Lond. 1850 ). See vol. v. of Kinglake's 

 Invasion of the Crimea. 



Cathe'dral, from a Greek word cathedra, 

 signifying a seat. Thus, ' to speak ex cathedrd,' 

 is to speak as from a seat of authority. The 

 cathedral city is the seat of the bishop of the 

 diocese, and his throne is placed in the cathedral 

 church, which is the parish church of the whole 

 diocese. The diocese was, in fact, anciently called 

 parochia, until the application of this name to 

 the smaller portions into which it was divided. 

 Cathedrals vary in rank with the dignity of the see 

 to which they belong, and may be episcopal, archi- 

 episcopal, metropolitan, or patriarchal. Anciently 

 only a cathedral was styled matrix ecclesia, but now 

 this title is applied to all churches, even parochial 

 only, which have other churches or chapels depend- 

 ent on them. When two cathedrals are found in 

 the same town ( as is sometimes the case ), they are 

 called 'con-cathedrals.' In the Roman Church the 

 establishment, suppression, or union of cathedrals 

 is reserved to the pope alone. A cathedral town 

 has generally been understood to be entitled to 

 the honours of a city, even although the town be 

 not a borough incorporate ; but in tlie case of Man- 

 chester the claim was disallowed by a court of law. 

 The distinction between cathedral and collegiate 

 churches consists principally in the see of the 

 bishop being at the former. The governing body 



