12 



CATHELINEATJ 



CATHOLIC 



of a cathedral is called the dean and chapter i.e. 

 the dean and canons who meet for corporate pur- 

 poses in the chapter-house of the cathedral. The 

 Eroperty of the cathedral vests in this body. In 

 ngland they elect the bishop of the diocese on the 

 issue of a conge cTelire from the crown, but as the 

 person to be elected is always named, and they 

 may be compelled by a mandamus to elect that 

 person and no other, the election is merely a form. 



The bishop is ' visitor ' of the dean and chapter, ' 

 and the metropolitan is visitor of all cathedrals 

 within his province ; while the crown holds that 

 office during the vacancy of the archbishopric. In 

 England, all cathedrals are distinguished as being 

 either of the old or the new foundation. The 

 cathedrals of the old foundation are those which 

 have from the first been served by secular canons ; 

 those of the new foundation were originally 

 monastic churches, and served by monks. These 

 were dissolved at the Reformation, being then 

 refounded on the footing of the secular churches. 

 By the Act of 1840, all members of cathedrals, 

 except the dean, are styled canons. Their seat 

 in the cathedral is called their stall. They are 

 no longer called prebendaries in most cathedrals, 

 but this title is retained in the cathedrals of York, 

 London, Wells, Chichester, Exeter, Hereford, 

 Lichfield, St Davids, and St Asaph. In two 

 cathedrals, Lincoln and Salisbury, both titles are 

 used simultaneously, and the holders are styled 

 'canons and prebendaries.' In all these cases, 

 however, the prebendaries rank below the canons 

 residentiary, and save for their slender prebends, 

 are on almost the same footing as the ' honorary 

 canons ' of recent institution, who have no share in 

 the cathedral revenues or government. At St 

 Davids the first ' cursal prebend ' vests in the 

 crown, and the sovereign is senior prebendary of 

 that cathedral. The French kings enjoyed similar 

 privileges in six chapters, and the German emperor 

 was ex ojflcio canon of St Peter's at Rome. Canons 

 must reside three months in each year. The Act of 

 1840 allows to the canons of Durham, Manchester, 

 St Paul's, and Westminster, an income of 1000 

 per annum ; to those of every other cathedral in 

 England, 500. The bishop was always considered 

 of common right to have the patronage of canonries, 

 but formerly there were exceptions. Now, the 

 appointment to all canonries is vested either in 

 the bishop or in the crown. Where the bishop is 

 patron, he ' collates,' and the dean and chapter 

 ' induct,' by placing the new canon in a stall in the 

 church. The crown appoints by letters-patent, and 

 the canon is installed without collation. Honorary 

 canons have no emoluments, but rank after the 

 canons residentiary. Minor canons, of whom there 

 are from two to six in each cathedral, perform the 

 daily choral services; see SERVICE ( MUSICAL). 

 For the general plan of cathedral buildings, see 

 CHURCH. The English and Welsh cathedrals, 

 some forty in number, are noticed under their re- 

 spective cities. 



See Dean Goulburn's Cathedral System (1871) ; F. H. 

 Allen, The Great Cathedrals of the World (Boston, 1888); 

 W. J. Loftie, The Cathedrals of England and Wales 

 (1892) ; Mrs Rensselaer, English Cathedrals (1892). 



Cathelilieail, JACQUES, leader of the Vendeans 

 in their resistance to the Republic, was born at Pin- 

 en-Mauge, Anjou, in 1759. A poor linen-merchant 

 at the outbreak of the Revolution, in the spring 

 of 1793 he put himself at the head of a handful of 

 stubborn recruits, and soon became famous for the 

 courage and success of his exploits, the greatest of 

 which was the storming of Cholet. Spite of his 

 own modesty, the supreme command was forced 

 upon him after the victory of Saumur. He immedi- 

 ately determined to make an attack upon Nantes, 

 and managed to penetrate into the town, but was 



mortally wounded by a musket-ball, and his troops 

 immediately dispersed. He was carried to St 

 Florent, where he died twelve days later, July 11, 

 1793. Cathelineau was a man of great simplicity 

 and honesty of character, and his piety was such 

 that he was called the Saint of Anjou. 



Catherine. See CATHARINE. 



Ca'tlieter ( Gr. kathiemi, ' I thrust into ' ) was a 

 name applied indifferently to all instruments for 

 passing along mucous canals. In modern times, 

 however, it has generally been reserved for tubular 

 rods through which fluids or air may pass, and 

 is now restricted to those used for emptying the 

 urinary bladder, and those used for injecting air 

 or fluids into the Eustacbian tube (Eustachian 

 Catheter). The catheter for the former purpose 

 is a very old surgical instrument. The ancients 

 made theirs of copper, which accumulated ver- 

 digris. In the 9th century silver was substituted 

 by the Arabian surgeons as a cleanlier metal, and 

 is still used by all who are not obliged, for econom- 

 ical reasons, to have their catheters made of 

 German silver or pewter. The urinary catheter 

 for the male varies in length from 10 to 11 inches ; 

 the female catheter need not be more than 4 or 5 

 inches. The form is a matter of less importance, 

 but most surgeons prefer an instrument straight to 

 within the last few inches of its length ; the latter 

 should be curved into the segment of a small circle. 

 Others, however, use a double curve, and indeed 

 nearly every surgeon has a peculiar fancy in this 

 respect. Flexible catheters are made of gum 

 elastic (see BOUGIES), which may be used either 

 alone or supported on a wire. Many other materials 

 have been proposed, but vulcanised india-rubber is 

 the only one generally in use. The Eustachian 

 catheter is generally made of metal or vulcanite, 6 

 or 7 inches in length, with the last inch or less 

 slightly curved. It is introduced into the Eus- 

 tachian tube along the floor of the nose, and air 

 or fluid, as may be necessary, forced along it by 

 an india-rubber bag which can be attached to it. 

 See DISEASES OF THE EAR, Vol. IV. p. 158. 



Ca'thode. See ANODE. 



Catholic and Apostolic Church is the 



only name recognised by those often termed ' Irving- 

 ites ' a name which they repudiate as implying 

 that they are sectarians and followers of a man. 

 In the winter of 1829-30 the Rev. Edward Irving 

 (q.v.), then a minister of the Scotch Church, 

 Regent Square, London, delivered a series of 

 lectures on spiritual gifts, in which he maintained 

 that those which we are in the habit of calling 

 ' extraordinary ' or ' miraculous ' were not meant 

 to be confined to the primitive church, but to be 

 continued through the whole period of the present 

 dispensation. About the same time, as if to con- 

 firm the views of the great preacher, there occurred 

 at Port-Glasgow, in the west of Scotland, and else- 

 where, certain strange phenomena. It was alleged 

 that miraculous acts of healing had happened, and 

 that the gift of tongues had returned. After 

 what seemed to be a sufficient investigation on the 

 part of some of the members of Mr Irving's church, 

 it was concluded that the manifestations were 

 genuine. Similar manifestations shortly after 

 occurred in his own church, which were also pro- 

 nounced to be genuine. They were held to be of 

 two kinds : 1st, speaking in tongues, and 2d, pro- 

 phesying. As the former bore no resemblance to 

 any language with which men were conversant, it 

 was believed to be strictly an ' unknown tongue,* 

 the Holy Ghost ' using the tongue of man as a sign 

 in a manner which neither his own intellect could 

 dictate, nor that of any other man comprehend.' 

 The latter, 'prophesying,' consisted chiefly of 'ex- 

 hortations to holiness, light upon Scripture, open- 



