CAUCHY 



CAULIFLOWER 



wild and semi- barbarous Suanetians. Christianity 

 i- die faith of some races, as the Georgians and 

 Ossetes ; Mohammedanism of a fanatical type that 

 of others, as the Li'sghians ; while primitive pagan 

 superstitions seem largely to underlie both religious 

 jn-oi'r.-sioiis. One Kartvelian tribe, the Khevsurs, 

 has in some measure combined Christianity with 

 Moslem usages. 



The resistance which the Caucasian peoples for 

 more than half a century offered to the arms of 

 Kn-sia attracted to them the attention of the 

 world. But with the capture in 1859 of Shamyl, 

 tin- prophet chief of the Lesghians, who for more 

 than twenty years withstood the armies sent 

 against him, the power of the Caucasians was 

 shattered ; by 1870 it was completely broken. The 

 bulk of the Circassians migrated to Turkish terri- 

 tories in Asia or Europe ; most of the Abkhazians 

 have done the like. The ancient divisions of 

 the country, Georgia, Imeritia, Svanetia, Mingrelia, 

 &c. , were based on tribal distinctions. These have 

 disappeared from the Russian administrative 

 system. According to the latter, the main range 

 of Caucasus divides the province into Ciscaucasia, 

 north of the mountains, and Transcaucasia to the 

 south of them ; the former comprising the govern- 

 ments of Stavropol, Kuban, Terek ; the latter, 

 those of Daghestan (really north of Caucasus), 

 Sakatal, Tirlis, Kuta'is, Sukhum, Black Sea, Elisa- 

 betpol, Baku, and Erivan. Add Batoum and Kars 

 (Russian Armenia), and the Transcaspian terri- 

 tory, and then Caucasia in the widest sense has an 

 area of 308,000 sq. m., and a pop. of 6,290,000. The 

 chief town in Ciscaucasia is Vladikavkaz ; in Trans- 

 caucasia, Tiflis ; the two connected by the great 

 military road through the Caucasus. The old 

 capital of Georgia was Mtzkhet, a good specimen 

 of a Georgian word. For Caucasus and Caucasia, 

 see the map of Russia in Vol. VIII., and the articles 

 CIRCASSIANS, GEORGIA, TRANSCAUCASIA, and, for 

 the wars with Russia, SHAMYL ; also Freshtield, 

 The Exploration of the Caucasus ( 1897) ; Cunirig- 

 hame, Eastern Caucasus (1872); Bryce, Transcau- 

 casia (1878); Phillipps-Wolley, Savage Svanetia 

 (1883); Mourier, Contes et Legendes du Caucase 

 (1888); Abercromby, A Trip through the Eastern 

 Caucasus (1890). 



Cauchy, AUGUSTIN Louis, mathematician, 

 born in Paris, 21st August 1789, published in 1815 

 a Memoire sur la Th6orie des Ondes, which con- 

 tributed greatly to establish the uiidulatory theory 

 of light. Between 1820 and 1830 he wrote several 

 important treatises ; and at Prague, where he 

 resided as tutor to the Comte de Chambord, he pub- 

 lished his Mf moire sur la Dispersion de la Lumiere 

 (1837). From 1848 to 1852 he was professor of 

 Astronomy at Paris, but refused the oath of alle- 

 giance to Napoleon III., and lived in retirement till 

 his death, 23d May 1857. A reissue of his works, 

 in 26 vols., was commenced by the Academy in 

 1882. See his Life by Valson (2 vols. Paris, 1868). 



Caucus, a private meeting of politicians to 

 agree upon candidates to be proposed for an ensuing 

 election, or to fix the business to be laid before a 

 general meeting of their party. The term origin- 

 ated in America, where the caucus has taken fast 

 root, the ' ticket,' or list of candidates for federal, 

 state, and municipal offices, being always decided 

 upon by the party leaders ; but of late years the 

 system has been introduced into England, and 

 adopted by the Radicals, especially in Birmingham, 

 though the word is there used rather for the regu- 

 larly constituted party organisation. In Notes and 

 Queries for 1885 there is a long discussion as to the 

 origin of the word, which Sydney Smith used in 

 1818, and John Adams in 1763. Professor Skeat is 

 inclined to refer it to an Indian source, Captain 



John Smith (1609) having Cawcautwajitoughes for 

 the Indian councillors of Virginia, and C'aucoroute 

 for an Indian captain. 



Cailda-tfalli Grit* the basement subdivision 

 of the Devonian system of North America. The 

 name (lit. 'cock's tail') is derived from the feathery 

 forms of a common fossil, supposed to be a seaweed. 



Caudebec, two places in the French depart- 

 ment of Seine- Inferieure. Caudebec lea Elbeuf, 12 

 miles S. by W. of Rouen, has a pop. (1886) of 

 11,038, and manufactures cloth. Caudebec-en- 

 Cauz, a pretty antique village of 2200 inhabitants, 

 is on the Seine, 31 miles WNW. of Rouen. 



Caudine Forks (Furculce Caudince), two 

 high, narrow, and wooded mountain -gorges near 

 the town of Caudium, in ancient Samnium, on the 

 borders of Campania ; noted for the defeat of the 

 Romans in the second Samnite war (321 B.C.). 

 See ROME. 



Caul* a portion of the amnion or thin membrane 

 enveloping the foetus, sometimes encompassing the 

 head of a child when born, mentioned here on ac- 

 count of the extraordinary superstitions connected 

 with it from very early ages almost down to the 

 present day. It was the popular belief that chil- 

 dren so born would turn out very fortunate, and 

 that the caul brought fortune even to those who 

 purchased it. This superstition was so common 

 in the primitive church, that St Chrysostom 

 inveighed against it in several of his homilies. In 

 later times mid wives sold the caul to advocates 

 at high prices, as an especial means of making 

 them eloquent, and to seamen, as an infallible 

 preservative against drowning (cf. Dickens's David 

 Copperfield). It was also supposed that the health 

 of the person born with it could be told by the 

 caul, which, if firm and crisp, betokened health, 

 but if relaxed and flaccid, sickness or death ( Notet 

 and Queries, 1884-86). During the 17th century 

 cauls were often advertised in the newspapers for 

 sale from 10 to 30 being the prices asked ; 

 and so recently as 8th May 1848, there was an 

 advertisement in the Times of a caul to be sold, 

 which ' was afloat with its late owner thirty years 

 in all the perils of a seaman's life, and the owner 

 died at last at the place of his birth. ' The price 

 asked was six guineas. 



Caulaincourt. ARMAND DE, Duke of Vicenza, 

 a statesman of the French empire, born at Caulain- 

 court (Aisue), in 1772, early distinguished himself 

 as an officer, was made a general of division in 

 1805, and shortly after created Duke of Vicenza. 

 Faithful to the last to Napoleon, he was made 

 Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1813, and during 

 the Hundred Days resumed the office, receiving 

 a peerage of France, of which he was deprived after 

 the restoration. He died in Paris, February 19, 

 1827. See his Souvenirs ( 1837-40 ). 



Cauliflower* a variety of the common kale or 

 cabbage. It was cultivated by the Greeks and 

 Romans, but was little attended to in England till 

 the end of the 17th century ; yet prior to the 

 French Revolution cauliflower formed an article 

 of export from England to Holland, whilst English 

 cauliflower seed is still preferred on the Continent, 

 The deformed inflorescence or heads of the cauli- 

 flower only are used. Its cultivation for the supply 

 of Covent Garden and other markets occupies the 

 attention of the market-gardeners of London, Corn- 

 wall, Devonshire, and the Channel Islands to a 

 very large extent during winter and spring. It is 

 much more tender than Broccoli (q.v.), and the 

 plants that are reared in August for the purpose 

 of supplying the first crop of the following summer 

 require to be protected under hand-glasses or frames 

 during winter. They require to be freely exposed 



