CAUVERY 



CAVALRY 



31 



adopt legal measures for Ids relief. Co-cautioners, 

 or | Arsons txmnd together, whether their obliga- 

 tions !< cmlxMlied in one or several deeds, are 

 entitled to mutual relief. But where a co-cautioner 

 obtains relief from the others, he must communicate 

 to them the benefit of any deduction or ease which 

 may have been allowed him in paying the debt. 



Letters of credit and recommendation raise much 

 tin* same relation of parties as a formal cautionary 

 obligation, but since 1856 a mere verbal introduc- 

 tion cannot have that effect. For the forms and 

 effects of ordinary mercantile guarantees, and for 

 the forms of guarantee insurance of fidelity, see 

 GUARANTEE. For the Scottish cautionary obliga- 

 tion in cash-credit bond, see BANKING, Vol. I. 713. 



JUDICIAL CAUTION, in the Law of Scotland, is 

 of t \vo kinds for appearance, and for payment. If 

 a creditor makes oath before a magistrate, that he 

 ln-lifves his debtor to be meditating flight (in medi- 

 tntione fugce), he may obtain a warrant for his 

 apprehension ; and should he succeed in proving 

 the alleged intention to flee, he may compel him 

 to find caution to abide the judgment of a court 

 (jiulicio sisti). The cautioner, or surety, under- 

 takes that the defender shall appear to answer any 

 action that may be brought within six months. 

 The old Bond of Presentation, by which in order to 

 gain time the surety undertook to produce the 

 debtor or pay the debt at a future date, is now 

 superseded by the abolition of imprisonment for 

 debt. There is also a form of judicial caution 

 called judicatum solvi, given in cases of general 

 loosing of arrestment of ships, in which the surety 

 becomes liable for the whole debt. The commonest 

 form of judicial caution, however, is the security 

 usually given in the Bill-chamber ( q. v. ), when a bill 

 or bond is brought under suspension ; the security is 

 for the principal sum and expenses, if the suspen- 

 sion should be refused. Interdict is also frequently 

 granted upon caution for the damages that may 

 result from the interdict, should it turn out to have 

 been wrongly obtained. 



Cauvery. See KAVERI. 



Cava del Tirrenl, a town of Italy, in a lovely 

 valley, 5 miles NW. of Salerno by 'rail, with a 

 cathedral, and manufactures of silk, woollens, 

 cotton, and linen. Pop. 6339. About a mile dis- 

 tant is the Benedictine monastery of the Trinity, 

 celebrated for its archives. 



Cavagnari, SIR Louis, born in France in 1841, 

 was educated at Christ's Hospital, London, and in 

 1857 was naturalised as a British subject He had 

 seen twenty-one years' military and political service 

 in India, when on 3d September 1879 he was 

 murdered at Kabul. See AFGHANISTAN. 



Cavaignac, Louis EUGENE, born in Paris, 15th 

 October 1802, was a son of General Jean Baptiste 

 Cavaignac (1762-1829), a member of the National 

 Convention. Educated for the military profession, 

 he first served in the Morea, and afterwards in 

 Africa, whither he was sent in 1832 into a kind of 

 honourable exile, in consequence of a too free ex- 

 pression of opinion in favour of republican institu- 

 tions. Here he won g^eat distinction by his energy, 

 coolness, and intrepidity, was made chef de bataillon 

 in 1837, and rose to the rank of brigade-general in 

 1844. In 1848 he was appointed governor-general 

 of Algeria, but in view of the impending revolu- 

 tionary dangers, was called to Paris and assumed 

 the office of Minister of War. He was appointed 

 military dictator in order to suppress the formid- 

 able insurrection of June, which he quelled only 

 after a most obstinate contest continued from 

 the 23d to the 26th June. It is estimated that a 

 greater number of Frenchmen fell in the struggle 

 than in the bloodiest battles of the first Empire. 

 Cavaignac's clemency to the vanquished was equal 



to his generalship. His task being done, ho 

 resigned his power into the hands of the National 

 Assembly, which appointed him President of the 

 Council. As a candidate for the presidency of the 

 republic, when Louis Napoleon was elected, he 

 received nearly a million and a half of votes out 

 of 7,327,345. On the coup d'etat of December 1851, 

 Cavaignac was arrested, out released after a short 

 detention ; and though he consistently refused to 

 give in his adhesion to the Empire, he was per- 

 mitted to reside in France without molestation. 

 He died, 28th October 1857, at his country house 

 near Tours. Cavaignac was an able soldier, a 

 zealous republican, and in every way an honour- 

 able man. See his Life by Deschamps (2 vola. 

 Paris, 1870). 



4 a vail Ion (ancient Cabellio), a town of the 

 French department of Vaucluse, 18 miles SE. of 

 Avignon by rail, with a cathedral, and some 

 Roman remains. Pop. 5164. 



Cavalcanti. GUIDO, Italian poet, born in 1230, 

 was banished, for mercantile transactions with a 

 Guelph, by the Ghibellines, a daughter of one of 

 whose chiefs he had married, and returned in 

 broken health to Florence only to die there, about 

 1300. His works sonnets, ballads, and canzoni 

 are remarkable alike from their language and depth 

 of thought, although his epicurean philosophy 

 gained him, among his contemporaries, the reputa- 

 tion of an atheist. See Ercole, Guido Cavalcanti 

 e le sue Rime ( Milan, 1885). Another of the name, 

 BARTOLOMMEO (1503-62), a noble and eloquent 

 Florentine, led a revolt against the Medici, and 

 was afterwards employed by Pope Paul III. 



Cavalcaselle, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, Italian 

 art writer, born 22d January 1820, at Legnago, 

 early visited the art centres of Italy, and in 1846 

 proceeded to Germany, where he met J. A. Crowe 

 (q.v.), with whom he returned to Italy. Banished 

 for his share in the revolution of 1848, he accom- 

 panied Crowe to London, and there their first joint 

 work, Early Flemish Painters (1857 ; 3d ed. 1879), 

 was published. Cavalcaselle returned to Italy in 

 1858, and afterwards published with Crowe the 

 History of Painting in Italy (1864-71), Titian 

 (1876), and Raphael (1883), besides independent 

 works of less importance. He was head of the art 

 department of the ministry of Public Instruction 

 at Rome. Died in 1897. 



Cavalier (Fr., from Lat. caballus, 'a nag'), 

 from ' horseman ' acquired the meaning of ' knight ' 

 or 'gallant,' in which sense it is usea by Shake- 

 speare (Henry V., III. 24), like cavalero, in Henry 

 IV., Part II., V. iii. 62. In 1641 < Cavaliers ' was 

 applied as a nickname to Charles's partisans in 

 opposition to the Roundheads, or friends of the 

 Parliament ; and from a term of reproach it came* 

 to be adopted as a title of honour, until, after 1679, 

 it was superseded by ' Tory. ' For the ' Cavalier 

 Parliament' (1661-79), see CHARLES II. 



Cavalier* JEAN, a journeyman baker, from 

 Ribaute, near Anduze, who, born in 1681, in 1702 

 became a famous leader of the Camisards (q.v.), 

 withal a prophet and preacher. He surrendered 

 to Villars in 1704, and entered the service of 

 Savoy; but in 1711 we find him settled with a 

 British pension in England, and he died at Chelsea, 

 governor of Jersey, 17th May 1740. See a long 

 article in vol. ix. of the Diet, of National Bio- 

 graphy (1887). 



Cavaliere Servente, See CICISBEO. 



Cavalry is a general name for horse-soldiers or 

 troopers trained to act in a body. In the British 

 army there are 31 regiments of European, and 30 of 

 native Indian cavalry. The former comprise 2 

 regiments of Life Guards (red), 1 of Horse Guards 



