CAVE 



CAVENDISH 



35 



the\ ha\e been excavated in conglomerate, aa in 

 tin- case of Hobbie Noble's Cave, Roxburghshire. 

 In volcanic regions it is the softer lull- or ashes 

 tli.it are usually holed, as in the caves of the 

 t'aiiaiA Islands. There the Guam-lies have also 

 < \ra\ated caves tinder the lavas, by simply raking 

 i. in i In- mure <>r less loose scoria- and cinders which 

 union 1\ occur in that position. Vast areas in 

 Central China are covered with a coherent loam, 

 of the same character as the Loess (q.v.) of the 

 \alleys of the Rhine and Danube, in which dug- 

 nut dwelling-places are of common occurrence. 

 And a similar deposit, exposed along, the bluffs 

 of rivers in the far west of North America, has 

 lieen utilised hy some of the early inhabitants in 

 the same way. In Arizona, parts of Colorado, 

 Nevada, I' tali, and south-east California, the rocky 

 piecipitous walls of deep canons are in places 

 riddled with human habitations, so as to look like 

 lione\ combs. The strata forming the walls of the 

 canons have been eroded in different degrees, and 

 horizontal caves larger and smaller have been 

 formed. The cliff dwellings are often adobe or 

 stone structures built on the ledges overhung by 

 projecting rock masses; smaller caves have served 

 as dwellings, and been partially completed by 

 adobe walls. Some of these houses are at a height 

 of 700 feet above the level of the valley, and are 

 with ditliculty accessible. They seem to have been 

 made as places of refuge and defence by the same 

 ancient races as left the pueblos or stone ruins in 

 the valleys, like those occupied by the Pueblos and 

 Moqui Indians now. Some assume them to have 

 been the ancestors of the present Pueblos ; others 

 that they were akin to the Aztecs. See Hayden in 

 Stanford's North America; Nadaillac's Prehistoric 

 America (Eng. trans. 1885); and the U.S. Survey 

 Reports since 1874. 



Hermitages, belonging to all ages, some of very 

 simple, others of a more elaborate construction, 

 have in like manner been excavated in rocks of 

 very different kinds ; so that we are presented with 

 every variety of artificial rock-excavation, from 

 simple' hollows scraped out of some soft yielding 

 material to the richly ornamented grottoes and 

 temples of Ellora, near Daulatabad, which are cut 

 out in red granite. And so again in the matter of 

 rock-tombs we meet with artificial grottoes of all 

 kinds from mere holes picked out without much 

 trouble in loess, tuft', sandstone, or other yielding 

 substance, to the great rock-cut sepulchres of 

 Egypt, and the no less famous catacombs of Rome. 

 Many caves have been doubtless partly natural, 

 partly artificial the cells of the monks of the 

 Thebaid in Egypt, St Serf's cave at Dysart, St 

 Ninian's at Whithorn. For the cave-dwellers known 

 to the ancients, see TROGLODYTES, PETRA. For 

 the Indian cave-temples, see ELEPHANTA, ELLORA. 



CAVE- ANIMALS. Various caverns, both of the 

 Old and New World, are tenanted by animals which 

 are usually more or less blind. From one point of 

 view the eyes have degenerated from disuse and 

 from the absence of the necessary light stimulus; 

 from another point of view they have degenerated 

 because no longer of use, and no longer maintained 

 by that natural selection which through the struggle 

 for existence is supposed by many to be necessary 

 not only for the establishment, but for the main- 

 tenance of organs. The fauna of the Mammoth 

 Cave of Kentucky has been most studied, and is 

 catalogued with figures in Putnam and Packard's 

 description of that famous cavern. Leydig has 

 made a special study of the highly developed tac- 

 tile organs borne by some fishes frequenting German 

 caves. Among the cave-animals may be noticed 

 the amphibian Proteus (a.v. ) with eyes in an em- 

 bryonic state; various Blind Fish (q.v.), such as 

 Ambl.vousis (q.v.), Typhlichthys, &c. ; hundreds of 



blind insects, of which in Home canes ( Machteritea ) 

 only the females are blind ; blind spiders and myria- 

 jiods; many Crustaceans (Nipnargu* puteanus, 

 '/'i/riiiethey albus, t'ranyonyx, Anellus sieboidii, &c.); 

 a few univalves and other forms. 



It i noteworthy that the blindness may exist in 

 vnrioiis degrees, some being totally blind and others 

 possessing rudimentary eyes. It is also to be 

 remembered that not all cave-animals are blind, 

 but forms with well-developed organs of vision also 

 occur. Fish, insects, spiders, rnyriapodH, and crus- 

 taceans with well-developed eyes have been recorded 

 from various caves, and the explanation of this 

 persistence of organs in such environment is still 

 to find. See DEGENERATION, ENVIRON: MKNT, and 

 Semper's Natural Conditions of Existence us 

 they affect Animal Life, (International Science 

 Series, 1881). 



CAVE BEAR, HYAENA, LION, &c. (1) Ursus 

 spelceus, a fossil bear, like those now living, found 

 very abundantly in the Pleistocene caves of Europe. 

 (2) Hycena spelcea, once abundant in Britain and 

 other parts of Europe, and very closely allied to 

 the If. crocuta now found in Africa. (3) Felts 

 speltca, a fossil lion, very like the modern form, 

 abundant in caves of England and Europe gener- 

 ally. The prefix cave obviously refers to the fact 

 that in caves the fossil remains of recent animals 

 are well preserved and abundantly found. 



Cave, EDWARD, the founder of the Gentleman's 

 Magazine, was born at Newton, Warwickshire, in 

 1691 ; received some schooling at Rugby; and after 

 many vicissitudes, became apprentice to a printer. 

 Obtaining money enough to set up a small printing- 

 office, in 1731 he started the Gentleman's Magazine, 

 the earliest literary journal of the kind. Samuel 

 Johnson became its parliamentary reporter in 1740; 

 and with his hand in Johnson's, Cave died on 10th 

 January 1754. 



Cave, WILLIAM, divine, born at Pickwell, 

 Leicestershire, in 1637, from Oakham school passed 

 to St John's College, Cambridge (1653), and was 

 appointed to the vicarage of Islington (1662), to 

 the rectory of Allhallows the Great, London ( 1679), 

 and to the vicarage of Isleworth, Middlesex ( 1690). 

 He died at Windsor, 4th July 1713. Among his 

 twelve works on church history are Lives of the 

 Apostles, Lives of the Fathers, and Primitive Chris- 

 tianity, which once were standard authorities. 



Caveat is a formal warning, entered in the 

 books of a court or a public office, that no step shall 

 be taken in a particular matter without notice to 

 the person lodging the caveat, so that he may 

 appear and object. Thus, caveats are frequently 

 entered at the Patent Office to prevent trie un- 

 opposed granting of letters-patent ; or at the 

 Probate Court to prevent the unopposed making up 

 a title to the property of deceased persons ; or at the 

 Admiralty Court to prevent the . unopposed arrest- 

 ment of a ship. The term is also used in ecclesi- 

 astical practice in England ; although a caveat 

 e.g. against an institution to a particular benefice 

 has not now the high effect attributed to it by the 

 Canon Law. In Scotland the term is confined to 

 such notices as are placed in the Bill Chamber 

 (the summary department of the Supreme Civil 

 Court) or in the Sheriff Courts to prevent any 

 interdict being granted without notice to the person 

 interested. Such caveats require to be renewed 

 every month. 



Cavedone*, GIACOMO, an Italian artist of the 

 Caracci school, born in 1577 at Sassuola, assisted 

 Guido Reni at Rome, and finally settled in Bologna, 

 where many of his religious pictures are preserved. 

 He died in poverty in 1660. 



Cavendish, the surname of the ducal House of 

 Devonshire, a family directly descended from the 



