CAVENDISH 



CAVOUB 



37 



on ustruimmic.-il insti uniente ; and his Electrical 

 irchea (1771-81) were edited by Professor Clerk 

 \l \cll (1879). See his Life by (',. Wilson, form- 

 ing vol. i. of the Cavendish Society's Works (1846). 

 Cavendish, THOMAS, circumnavigator, was 

 In. in .iKoiit 1555 at Trimley St Martin, near 

 lp-\\i<-li, and, after squandering his patrimony at 

 court, shared in (Jrenville's expedition to Virginia 

 ). On '21st July of the following year he 

 i from I MY mouth with 122 men and three ships 

 "i to, 60, and 140 tons, and, hy Sierra Leone and 

 Ui.i/il, reached the Strait of iMagellan, whose pass- 

 age took seven weeks. During the nine months 

 that he cruised in the Pacific, he burned three 

 Spanish towns and thirteen ships; then, with a 

 rich booty, but only the largest of his three 

 vessels, he returned by way of the Indian Archi- 

 pi-lago and the Cape of (iood Hope to England, 

 loth Septeml>er 1588. Elizabeth knighted him, and 

 he took to his old mode of life, till in August 1591 

 he sailed on a second expedition, intended to rival 

 the first. It ended in utter disaster, and in 1592 

 Cavendish died broken-hearted off Ascension. 



Cavendish, WILLIAM, Duke of Newcastle, son 

 of Sir Charles Cavendish, and nephew of the first 

 Earl of Devonshire, was born in 1592, and educated 

 at St John's College, Cambridge. His learning 

 and winning address made him a favourite at the 

 court of James I., who in 1610 created him Knight 

 of the Bath, and in 1620 Viscount Mansfield. 

 ( 'liarles I., who was splendidly entertained by him 

 at Welbeck and Bolsover, in 1628 created him Earl 

 of Newcastle, and in 1638 appointed him governor 

 to his son, afterwards Charles II. His support of 

 the king during the contest with the parliament 

 was munificent. He contributed 10,000 to the 

 treasury, and raised a troop of 200 knights and 

 gentlemen, who served at their own cost. As 

 general of all the forces north of the Trent, he 

 had power to issue declarations, confer knight- 

 hood, coin money, and raise men ; and the last part 

 of his commission he executed with great zeal. 

 After the battle of Marston Moor ( 1644), Cavendish 

 retired to the Continent, where he resided, at times 

 in f,'reat poverty, till the Restoration. In 1665 he 

 was created Duke of Newcastle ; and he died 25th 

 December 1676. He was author of two works on 

 horsemanship, and of several plays, not of a char- 

 acter to increase any man's reputation for intelli- 

 gence. See his Lire by his second wife ( 1667 ; 

 new ed. by C. H. Firth, 1886). She, MARGARET 

 LUCAS (16'24-74), the daughter of an Essex house, 

 where ' all the brothers were valiant, and all the 

 sisters virtuous,' had married him in 1645, and was 

 herself the author of a dozen folio volumes of 

 poems, plays, letters, &c. 



Caviare, the salted roes ( immature ovaries ) of 

 the common sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) and other 

 I shea of the same genus (see STURGEON). It is 

 chiefly prepared in Russia, where, as in various 

 other countries, it is a favourite delicacy, and is 

 largely made in the United States ; though the 

 phrase 'Caviare to the general,' shows that 

 the taste is an acquired one. The species of 

 sturgeon from the roe of which it is chiefly pre- 

 pared inhabit the Caspian and Black seas and 

 tl-eir tributary rivers. Among them are the Bie- 

 laga, or Great Sturgeon (A. huso), the Osseter 

 (A. guldenstddtii), the Scherg or Sevruga (A. stel- 

 lufim ), and the Sterlet ( A . rutjicnus ), the last-named 

 producing a particularly delicious caviare. Astra- 

 khan is a principle seat for its preparation. The eggs 

 are separated from the connecting tissue, salted, 

 and packed in small barrels ; or, the roes are salted 

 in long troughs, and the eggs are passed through a 

 sieve into kegs. The Caspian fishery has produced 

 over 400,000 Tb. in a single year. 



CaviW, a sea|K>rt of Luzon, Philippine Inland*, 

 on a ]M>ninsiila in Manila Bay, 8 miles SW. by 8. 

 of Manila. It in fortified, has an arsenal, and was 

 formerly the chief naval station of the Spanish pou- 

 sessions in the east. Pop. 1947. 



Cavonr, COUNT CAMILLO BENSO DI, the re- 

 storer of Italian unity and nationality, was born at 

 Turin, August 10, 1810. He was descended from 

 one of the ancient noble families of Piedmont, and 

 being the younger son was destined for a military 

 career. At the military school he distinguished 

 himself by his mathematical talent, and at an early 

 age was appointed to a post in the engineers. 

 But as his liberal opinions proved unfavourable to 

 his stay in the army, he left it in 1831. His good 

 sense, however, taught him that the deliverance of 

 Italy could not be accomplished by secret conspiracy 

 and spasmodic revolutionary outbreaks. There was 

 nothing for him therefore but to retire into private 

 life. ' Here he devoted himself to agriculture, intro- 

 ducing great improvements in the cultivation of 

 the family estates ; and his efforts generally to 

 raise the economic condition of Piedmont were 

 thorough and enlightened. But he had a further 

 end in view ; he saw that economic improvement 

 must be the basis for a better social and political 

 order. And he widened his knowledge of economic 

 and political questions by foreign travel, especially 

 in France and England. Constitutionalism as 

 established and practised in England was on the 

 whole the form of government he most admired. 

 During a residence in England he made himself 

 intimately acquainted with the political organisa- 

 tion of the country, and also with its industrial 

 institutions ; knowledge of which he made good 

 use on his return to his own country. 



In this way for sixteen years Cavour energetically 

 laboured as a private gentleman. No opportunity 

 presented itself for any effective influence in 

 politics, and he wisely abstained. It was very 

 different when the spirit of freedom and innova- 

 tion once more awoke towards the revolutionary 

 period of 1848. In conjunction with Count Cesare 

 Balbo, he in 1847 established a newspaper, // Risor- 

 gimento, in which he advocated a representative 

 system, somewhat after the pattern of the English 

 constitution, as opposed alike to absolutism on 

 the one hand, and mob rule on the other. On 

 his suggestion, the king was petitioned for a consti- 

 tution, which was granted in February 1848. In 

 the Chamber of Deputies, during the stormy 

 period which succeeded Charles Albert's decla- 

 ration of war against Austria in March, Cavour 

 strenuously opposed the ultra-democrats, and 

 counselled an alliance with England as the surest 

 guarantee for tiie success of the Italian arms. In 

 the Marquis d'Azeglio's ministry, formed soon 

 after the fatal battle of Novara, Cavour was suc- 

 cessively Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, 

 Minister of Marine, and Minister of Finance. In 

 1852 he was appointed to succeed D'Azeglio as 

 premier. From this time until his resignation in 

 1859, in consequence of the conclusion of the peace 

 of Villafranca, Cavour was the originator as well 

 as the director of the Sardinian policy. Taking 

 upon himself at different times, in addition to the 

 premiership, the duties of the Ministers of Finance, 

 Commerce, and Agriculture, and latterly of Home 

 and Foreign Affairs, he greatly improved the 

 financial condition of the country, introduced 

 measures of free trade, consolidated constitu- 

 tionalism, weakened clerical influence, and made 

 Sardinia a power of some account in Europe. 



Hitherto the work of Cavour had been to reform 

 Piedmont, and place its affairs on a sound basis. 

 The Crimean war afforded him an opportunity to 

 begin the task of restoring the unity and national 



