38 



CAVOUR 



CAXIAS 



independence of Italy. It was through his advice 

 and influence that Sardinia took part in the war, 

 and as a result of this he managed to bring the 

 Italian question before the Congress of Paris in 

 1856. In 1858 Cavour had with the Emperor Napo- 

 leon a secret meeting, at which the programme for 

 driving Austria out of Italy was drawn up, and 

 during the early part of 1859 there followed a 

 diplomatic contest with Austria, which Cavour 

 conducted with masterly tact and astuteness. The 

 peace of Villafranca, coming after the successful 

 war of 1859, and leaving Austria in possession of 

 Venetia, was a bitter disappointment to Cavour. 

 He resigned his office; yet he had no reason for 

 despair, as the power of Austria in the Italian 

 peninsula was now really broken. On returning to 

 office in 1860 he resumed his great undertaking, 

 but by new methods. Popular feeling in central 

 Italy declared itself in favour of union with the 

 north, and thus Parma, Modena, and Tuscany 

 came under the sway of Victor Emmanuel. It was 

 the part of Cavour to guide opinion towards this 

 end, gaining time for it while he negotiated with the 

 great powers ; but he had to purchase the acquies- 

 cence of France by the surrender of Nice and Savoy. 

 He secretly encouraged the expedition of Garibaldi, 

 which in 1860 achieved the deliverance of Sicily 

 and southern Italy. When a Sardinian army 

 marched southwards and on the plains of Campania 

 met the volunteers of Garibaldi, the unity of Italy 

 was already an accomplished fact. In 1861 an 

 Italian parliament was summoned, and Victor 

 Emmanuel was declared king of Italy. For the 

 completion of Italian unity only Rome and Venetia 

 were wanting ; with a little patience they too 

 could be won. 



Thus had Cavour achieved the task of his life. 

 But it had not been accomplished without a fearful 

 strain on his health. He had to manage the Sar- 

 dinian parliament, to meet the artifices, protests, 

 and reproaches of many of the great powers, to 

 prevent revolutionary parties from upsetting the 



Sractical mission on which he was engaged, and to 

 irect a great popular and national movement 

 towards a reasonable and attainable goal by 

 methods involving the minimum of delay and 

 violence. For the real power of Sardinia was com- 

 paratively limited, and a false step might have been 

 serious. The constant strain was too much for him, 

 and he died June 6, 1861, only a few months after 

 the unity of Italy had been proclaimed. The last 

 words he was heard to utter were those so familiar 

 as expressing an important feature of his policy : 

 ' Brothers, brothers, the free church in the free 

 state. ' Cavour is admitted to be the beau ideal of a 

 practical and constructive statesman, who, aiming 

 at just and reasonable ends, seeks to achieve them 

 by effectual and legitimate methods. He made 

 a reformed Piedmont the basis for attaining the 

 unity and regeneration of Italy. The ambition 

 of Napoleon, the military gallantry of the king, the 

 enthusiasm of Garibaldi, were all made to co- 

 operate towards his plan for satisfying the national 

 aspirations of Italy under a lasting constitutional 

 rule. Through his early death much of the work 

 necessary for a sound and healthy national life was 

 left unfinished, yet the subsequent history of Italy 



6'oves that Cavour had built on a solid foundation, 

 e deserves a place among the greatest statesmen 

 of modern times. 



The title is taken from the small Piedmontese 

 town of Cavour, 28 miles SW. of Turin. See De 

 la Rive, Le Comte de Cavour, Recits et Souvenirs 

 (Paris, 1863; Eng. trans, of same date); Bianchi, 

 La Politique de Cavour (Turin, 1885) ; his Lettere, 

 edited by Chiala (6 vols. 1883-87); also the bio- 

 graphies of him by Massari (Turin, 1873) and 

 Mazade (Paris, 1877 ; Eng. trans, of same date). 



Cavy (Cavia), a genus of Rodents, best known 

 by the domesticated species (Cavia cobaya), the 

 common Guinea-pig (q.v. ). 



Cawdor, a village in Nairnshire, 5| miles SW. 

 of Nairn. Cawdor Castle, near by, the seat of the 

 Earl of Cawdor, was founded in 1454, but is one of 

 the three places which tradition has assigned as 

 the scene of King Duncan's murder by Macbeth 

 in 1040. A series of papers from the charter-room 

 at Cawdor was edited by Cosmo Innes under the 

 title of The Book of the Thanes of Cawdor (1859). 

 See CAMPBELL. 



Cawk, a popular name for a massive variety 

 of the mineral called Heavy Spar or Sulphate of 

 Baryta. See BARYTA. 



Cawnpore' (Kanhpur), a city of the North- 

 western Provinces, on the right bank of the Ganges, 

 42 miles SW. of Lucknow, 266 SE. of Delhi, and 

 628 NW. of Calcutta. The river in front, varying, 

 according to the season, from 500 yards in width to 

 more than a mile, presents a large and motley 

 assemblage of steam-vessels and native craft ; the 

 principal landing-place is the beautiful Sarsiya 

 ghat. Cawnpore, at least as a place of note, is of 

 recent origin, being indebted for its growth, besides 

 its commercial facilities, partly to military and 

 political considerations. In 1777, being then an 

 appendage of Oudh, it was assigned by the nawab 

 as the station of a subsidiary force ; and in 1801 

 it became, in name as well as in fact, British 

 property. Its cantonments, having accommodation 

 for 7000 troops, contain a population of about 38,000. 

 Pop. of the city (1891) 188,712, giving a total of 

 about 227,000, of whom 125,000 were Hindus, and 

 5000 Christians. At the outbreak of the mutiny 

 in May 1857, Cawnpore contained about 1000 

 Europeans, 560 of whom were women and children. 

 The hasty, ill-chosen entrenchments into which 

 they had thrown themselves, were speedily invested 

 by overwhelming numbers of the mutineers, led on 

 by the infamous Nana Sahib. For three weeks 

 the few defenders held gallantly out ; but at last 

 they surrendered on promise of a safe-conduct to 

 Allahabad. The sepoys accompanied them to the 

 banks of the Ganges, and scarcely were they em- 

 barked on the boats, when a murderous fire was 

 opened upon them, and only four men escaped. 

 The women and cliildren, 125 in number, were 

 reserved for a crueller fate, and were carried back 

 to Cawnpore. Hearing that Havelock was within 

 two days' march of the place, Nana Sahib ad- 

 vanced to meet him. He was driven back, and, 

 smarting under defeat, returned to Cawnpore, and 

 gave orders for the instant massacre of his helpless 

 prisoners, who, dead and dying, were cast into a 

 well. Havelock and his small army arrived on 

 16th July, only to find to their unutterable horror 

 that they came too late to rescue the women and 

 children. A memorial church, a Romanesque red- 

 brick building, now marks the site of General 

 Wheeler's entrenchment ; whilst the scene of the 

 massacre is occupied by the memorial gardens. 

 Over the well itself a mound has been raised, its 

 summit crowned by an octagonal Gothic inclosure, 

 with Marochetti's white marble angel in the centre. 

 But Sir George Trevelyan's Cawnpore (1865) is the 

 best memorial of the tragedy. The district of 

 Cawnpore has an area of 2370 sq. m., and a popula- 

 tion of about 1,300,000. It is an alluvial plain of 

 great fertility. The vine is cultivated, and indigo 

 grows wild. Besides its two mighty rivers, the 

 Ganges and Jumna, and their navigable tributaries, 

 the Ganges Canal traverses the country for 60 

 miles, and there is ample communication by rail. 



Caxias, (1) a town of Brazil, in the state of 

 Maranhao, on the navigable Itapicuru, 190 miles 

 from its mouth, with an active trade in cotton. 



