CAXTON 



CAZEMbE 



39 



J'>ji. lO.IMHt. (_') An llaliiui agriniltmiil i-olmiy in 



tin- Mra/ilian -tate of Kio Grande do Sal, founded 



in is::.. 1'up. 13,680. 



<';ivton. WILLIAM, the first English printer, 

 MUM in tlie Weald of Kent about 1422. He 

 <l>pieiitieed in ins to Robert Large, a wealthy 

 I.nii. Ion men-er, wlio was Lord .\la\or in 1439-40. 

 On lii., master's death in 1441, he went to Bruges; 

 In- |.n>,]iered in luiHJness, and became in 146*2 

 nor of a chartered association of English 

 merchants in the Low Countries. In 1471 he 

 abandoned t-ommeree and attached himself to the 

 hoii>ehold of Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, the 

 M-ter i>t Edward IV. ; and apparently towards the 

 iid of 1476 he set up his wooden printing-press 

 ai i In- -ign of the Red Pale in the Almonry at 

 Westminster. The art of printing he had acquired 

 during his sojourn in Bruges, doubtless from Colard 

 Mansion, a well-known printer of that city ; and in 

 1471 lie put through the press at Bruges the first 

 book printed in the English tongue, the Jiecnyefl 

 of the Historyes of Troye, a translation of Raoul 

 Lefevre's worn. The Game and Playe of the C/iesse 

 \\a- .-mother of Caxton's earliest publications ; but 

 til-- Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers, pub- 

 lished in 1477, is the first book which can with 

 certainty be maintained to have been printed in 

 England. All the eight founts of type from which 

 ('axton printed may be called Black Letter. Of 

 the ninety-nine known distinct productions of his 

 ]>n-^, no less than thirty-eight survive in unique 

 copies or in fragments only. His books have no 

 title- pa^es, although many have prologues and 

 colophons. Some nave no points at all; others 

 the full-stop and colon alone. The semicolon 

 never occurs ; the comma is usually marked by 

 short d) or by long(|) lines. The pages are not 

 numbered and have no catchwords. (For Caxton's 

 imprint, see article BOOK.) Caxton enjoyed the 

 patronage and friendship of some of the chief men 

 of his time. He was diligent in the exercise of his 

 craft or in translation till within a few hours of his 

 <leath, which seems to have happened about the 

 close of the year 1491. Gibbon denounces Caxton's 

 choice of lx>oks, and complains that ' the world is 

 not indebted to England for one first edition of a 

 classic author ; but it should be remembered that 

 Caxton had to make his printing business pay, and 

 that he could therefore supply only books for which 

 there was a demand. Nor can it be said that a 



Srinter had no regard for pure literature who pro- 

 need editions of Chaucer, Lydgate, Gower, Sir 

 Thomas Malory's King Arthur, and translations 

 of Cicero's De Senectttte and De Amicitia. Caxton's 

 industry was marvellous. He was an accomplished 

 linguist, and the translations which he executed 

 himself fill more than 4500 printed pages, while the 

 total produce of his press, exclusive of the books 

 printed at Bruges, reaches to above 18,000, nearly 

 all of folio size. At the Osterley Park sale in 1885, 

 no less than ten Caxtons were sold ; one of them, 

 t he ( 7/r.v.sr, bringing 1950. In 1877 the printer and 

 his work were fittingly commemorated by a typo- 

 graphical exhibition in London. See The Old Print, / 

 and the New Press, by Charles Knight ( 1854) ; Life 

 inn/ Typography of William Caxton (1861-63), by 

 W. Blades ; and the Biography and Typography of 

 Caxton ( 1877 ; 2d. ed. 1882), by the same author. 



Cayenne, a fortified seaport, capital of French 

 Guiana, on an island at the mouth of a river of the 

 same name. A new town is connected with the 

 older portion by the Place d'Armes, bordered with 

 orange-trees. The harbour is the best on the coast, 

 but insecure and shallow. Cayenne, though it is 

 th<- entrepot of all the trade of the colony, is chiefly 

 known as a great French penal settlement (since 

 1862). The climate is extremely unwholesome for 



Europeans, large numbers of the convict* having 

 been carried off by various malignant fever*. The 

 French took possession of the island in 1604, and 

 again, after it had been held by the English and 

 Dutch, in 1677. The name of the capital is Home- 

 times used for the whole of French Guiana ( q. v. ). 

 Pop. about 10,000. 



Cayenne Cherry. See EUGENIA. 



Cayenne Pepper consists of the powder of 

 the dried pods, and more especially of the dried 

 seeds of species of Capsicum (q.v.). 



Cayes, or Aux CAVES, a seaport of Hayti, on 

 the south-west coast, 95 miles WSW. of Port-au- 

 Prince. Pop. 8000. 



Cayley, ARTHUR, mathematician, was born at 

 Richmond, Surrey, in 1821. He was educated at 

 King's College, London, and Trinity College, Cam- 

 bridge, and graduated as senior wrangler and first 

 Smith's prizeman in 1842. He was called to the 

 bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1849, and established a 

 practice as a conveyancer. In 1863 he was elected 

 first Sadlerian Professor of pure Mathematics at 

 Cambridge, and in 1875 to a fellowship of Trinity 

 College. He received honorary degrees from Ox- 

 ford, Dublin, and Leyden. He was president of 

 the Royal Astronomical Society (1872-73), and of 

 the British Association at its Southport meeting in 

 1883, where his address on the ultimate possibili- 

 ties of mathematics attracted much attention. In 

 1882 he lectured at the Johns Hopkins University, 

 Baltimore, and received the Copley medal of the 

 Royal Society. His chief book is an Elementary 

 Treatise on Elliptic Functions ( 1876) ; a ten-volume 

 edition of his Mathematical Papers was begun in 

 1889. He died 26th January 1895. 



Caylns, ANNE CLAUDE PHILIPPE DE TUBI- 

 ERES, COMTE DE, archaeologist, was born in Paris 

 in 1692. After serving in the Spanish War of Suc- 

 cession, he travelled in Greece and the East, return- 

 ing to Paris in 1717 to devote himself to the study 

 of antiquities, and the promotion of the fine arts. 

 If his industry sometimes outran his intelligence, 

 it is still true that he did vast service to archae- 

 ology. He died at Paris in 1765. His chief work 

 is his Becueil d'Antiquites egyptiennes, etrusques, 

 grecques, romaines, et qauloises (1 vols. 1752-67). 

 His copperplate engravings have had a longer life 

 than his stories of Eastern life. 



Cay'mail, a local name loosely applied to 

 various species of alligator e.g. to Alligator 

 mississippiensis, the single species of the United 

 States, or more frequently to other species found 

 in tropical or subtropical America. The name has 

 also been used, to an appearance unnecessarily, as 

 the scientific title of a genus, and as such has l>een 

 most frequently applied to A, palpebrosus and A. 

 trigonatus. It seems more reasonable to regard all 

 the alligators as within the limits of a single genus. 

 See ALLIGATOR. 



Caymans, three fertile coral islands of the 

 Caribbean Sea, 165 miles NW. of Jamaica, of which 

 they form a dependency. Discovered by Columbus, 

 they were by him called Tortugas, from the 

 abundance of turtle, still the staple production 

 of the group. Area, 225 sq. m. ; pop. 2400, 2000 

 inhabiting tne largest island, Grand Cayman. 



Cazalla de la Sierra, a town of the Spanish 



province of Seville, 38 miles ENE. of Seville city, 

 on the southern slope of the Sierra Morena, with 

 important mines, and a trade in olives and wine. 

 Pop. 8322. 



Cazem'b<S the title of an African prince, wli.-c 

 territory, also called Cazembe, extends between 

 the Moero and Bangweolo lakes, west of 30 E. 

 long. The people are industrious and skilful hus- 

 bandmen and smiths, and carry on a brisk trade 



