40 



CAZORLA 



CECROPIA 



in ivory, copper, &c. It is now mainly included in 

 British Central Africa or the British sphere. Dr 

 Livingstone died here in 1873. 



Cazorla, a town of Andalusia, Spain, 40 miles 

 ENE. of Jaen. Pop. 6651. 



Ceaiio'tlms. See RED ROOT. 



< Yurii. a state of Brazil, on the north coast. 

 Area, 40,240 sq. m. It raises cattle, cotton, coffee, 

 and sugar ; iron and gold are found. Pop. about 

 950,000. The capital, Ceara, is on an open road- 

 stead. It exports sugar, rubber, hides, &c. , brought 

 from Baturite (90 miles inland) by a railroad of which 

 Ceara is the terminus. Pop. about 30,000. 



Cebadilla. See SABADILLA. 



Ce'foeSj a Theban, disciple and friend of Socrates, 

 and reputed author of the Pinax, or ' votive tablet,' 

 a philosophical dialogue, representing allegorically 

 the temptations of this life, and teaching that 

 True Learning can alone make for righteousness. 

 In spite of its pure Attic, and its truly Socratic 

 tendency, modern criticism now assigns the work 

 to the 2d century A.D. Extremely popular in the 

 middle ages, a sort of ' Pilgrim's Progress ' indeed, 

 it was translated into all the European languages, 

 and into Arabic ( possibly about the 9th century ), 

 in which latter version alone is found the close of 

 the dialogue. See Jerram's Cebetis Tabula (Oxf. 

 Clar. Press, 1878). 



Cebli, or ZEBU, a long and narrow island of the 

 Philippines, NW. of Mindanao. Area, with neigh- 

 bouring isles, about 2000 sq. m. The valleys are 

 fertile, yielding rice, sugar, cotton, tobacco, cacao, 

 and millet. Pop. 504,076. Capital, Cebu, on the 

 east coast, the oldest city (and capital, 1565-71 ) of 

 the Philippines. It has a good trade. Pop. 35,243. 



Ce'follS (Gr., 'an ape' or 'monkey'), a genus of 

 South American monkeys, characterised by a round 

 head and short muzzle, a facial angle of about 60, 

 long thumbs, and a long prehensile tail entirely 

 covered with hair. The body is covered with short, 

 thick hair. Their voice is soft and pitiful. The 

 species are numerous, all of very lively disposition 

 and gregarious arboreal habits, living in trees. 

 They feed chiefly on fruits, but also on insects, 

 worms, and molluscs. Various species are often 

 seen in zoological gardens and menageries. They 

 are included under the popular designation Sapajou 

 in its wider sense, and some of them are the 

 monkeys to which this name is sometimes more 

 strictly appropriated. The names Sajou and Sai 

 or Cai are also given to some of them, and some 

 are called Capuchin (q.v.) Monkeys. One of the 

 most common species in Guiana is the Weeper 

 Monkey, or Weeper Sapajou (C. apella). Some of 

 the species are adorned with beards. The term 

 Cebidse is often used as a family designation for 

 all the broad-nosed New- World Monkeys ( Platyr- 

 rhini) with prehensile tails, in contrast to the 

 Pithecidse, in which the tail is not so adapted. 

 In this family are included the Howling Monkeys 

 ( Mycetes ), the Spider Monkeys ( Ateles ), and 

 other genera. See MONKEY. 



Cecidomy 'ia ( Gr. kekidion, ' a gall-nut, ' and 

 myia, ' a fly ' or ' gnat ' ), a genus of dipterous ( two- 

 winged) insects in the Tipularia (gnat and mos- 

 quito) division. They have beautiful, delicate, 

 downy wings, which have three nervures, and are 

 horizontal when at rest ; antennae as long as the 

 body, with bead-like joints, and whorls of hairs at 

 the joints ; long legs, and the first joint of the 

 tarsi very short. The species are numerous ; nearly 

 thirty in Britain, and sixty in Europe. All are of 

 small size, but some of them are very important on 

 account of the ravages which their minute maggots 

 effect in grain -crops. C. cerealis, sometimes called 

 the Barley Midge, a brownish-red fly with silvery 



wings, of which the maggot is vermilion coloured,. 

 is often very destructive to crops of barley and 

 spelt in Germany. The little maggots live in 

 families between the stalk and the sheath of the 

 leaf, abstracting the juice of the plant. The 

 Wheat-fly (q.v.) and the Hessian Fly (q.v.) belong 

 to this genus. Some of the species of Cecidomyia 

 deposit their eggs on the young buds of trees, which 

 the larvae transform into galls. 



While forms like the Hessian fly are of great 

 economic importance, another Cecidomyia is, on 

 account of its extraordinary mode of reproduction, of 

 great scientific interest. According to Wagner, the 

 female lays her eggs under tree-bark or the like ; 

 these develop in winter into larvae. The larvae, 

 still immature, become reproductive and partheno- 

 genetic. The ovaries rupture, the eggs fall into 

 the body-cavity, where the stimulus of fertilisation 

 is somehow replaced, for the ova develop into 

 larva>. These eat their parent larva, and after 

 finishing the viscera, leave the empty skin. The 

 nemesis of reproduction overtakes them also, for 

 within them again, though likewise only larvae, a 

 fresh batch of larvae develops in similar fashion. 

 After several generations or this immature and 

 fatal reproduction, the final set of larvae meta- 

 morphose in summer into sexual winged insects. 

 See REPRODUCTION. 



Cecil. See BURGHLEY and SALISBURY. 



Cecilia, ST, the patroness of music, especially 

 church music, is said to have suffered martvrdom 

 in 230 A.D. Her heathen parents belonged to a 

 noble Roman family, and betrothed their daughter, 

 already a secret convert to Christianity, to a heathen 

 youth named Valerian, who also was soon con- 

 verted, and ere long suffered martyrdom together 

 with his brother Tiberius. Cecilia, when com- 

 manded to sacrifice to idols, firmly refused, and 

 was condemned to death. She was first thrown 

 into a boiling bath, from which she emerged unhurt ; 

 next the executioner struck three blows upon her 

 neck with a sword, then fled in horror. Three 

 days later his victim died of her wounds, and 

 received the martyr's crown. She was buried by 

 Pope Urban in the catacombs of Callistus. As 

 early as the 5th century, there is mention of a 

 church dedicated to St Cecilia at Rome ; and in 

 821, by order of the Pope Paschal, her bones 

 were deposited there. St Cecilia is regarded as 

 the inventor of the organ, and in the Roman 

 Catholic Church her festival-day, November 22, is 

 celebrated with splendid music. Some of our 

 greatest poets, as Chaucer, Dryden, and Pope, have 

 laid poetic tributes on the shrine of St Cecilia the 

 greatest is Dryden's splendid ode. The most 

 famous paintings of St Cecilia are those of 

 Raphael at Bologna, Carlo Dolce in the Dresden 

 Gallery, Domenichino in the Louvre, and Rubens 

 in the Berlin Museum. Another St Cecilia was 

 born in Africa, and suffered martyrdom by starva- 

 tion under Diocletian. Her festival falls on the 

 llth of February. 



Cecro'pia a genus of Artocarpaceae. C. 

 peltata, the Trumpet-tree of the West Indies and 

 South America, has a hollow stem and branches, 

 exhibiting merely membraneous partitions at the 

 nodes. The branches, these partitions being re- 

 moved, are made into water-pipes and wind- 

 instruments. The wood is very light, and is used 

 to make floats for nets, and by the Indians in 

 kindling fires by friction against a harder piece of 

 wood. The bast yields a cordage fibre, and the 

 outer bark is astringent, the fruit resembles a rasp- 

 berry, the buds furnish a potherb, while the juice 

 hardens into caoutchouc. The leaves and fruit are- 

 largely consumed by sloths. The hollow stem Ls- 

 largely inhabited by ants. 



