CATARRHINI 



CATECHISM 



stimulants, affords considerable relief from the 

 feeling of depression that remains for a time on 

 the subsidence of a catarrh. The tendency to this 

 disease, when habitual, and when not dependent 

 on any form of constitutional disorder requiring 

 special means for its cure, is best met by the daily 

 use of the cold bath, with frequent exercise in the 

 open air, and proper ventilation of the sleeping- 

 apartment ; also by friction of the skin, and by 

 clothing which, without being oppressive, is com- 

 fortably warm. Exposure to draughts or sudden 

 chills when the surface is perspiring is to be 

 avoided ; but a close confined air habitually 

 breathed in a workshop or bedroom is a fruitful 

 predisposing cause of the disease. 



Catarrh or catarrhal inflammation is also used 

 in modern pathology of an inflammation with the 

 characters above described in any mucous mem- 

 brane whatever ; we have, for example, catarrh 

 of the stomach, intestines, bladder, &c. 



Catarrhini, Old-World monkeys, with a 

 narrow partition between the nostrils, with a 

 dental formula flsHI. an( l including two distinct 

 sets of forms, (a) the lower 'dog-like' apes (Cyno- 

 morpha), and (b) the higher 'man-like' forms 

 (Anthropomorpha). See APE, ANTHROPOID APES, 

 MONKEY. 



Catawba, a name of wines, both still and 

 sparkling, produced in various parts of the United 

 States from the Catawba grape, the fruit of a 

 variety of the Vitis Labrusca, a North American 

 and Asiatic species, from which have been derived 

 most of the cultivated North American varieties of 

 the vine. It is often said that it was ' first found 

 growing on the banks of the Catawba River' (in 

 North and South Carolina ) ; but it is on record 

 that it was named by Major Adlum, who found 

 it growing wild near Washington, D.C., about 

 1825. Catawba wines are of various grades, the 

 best being of very decided value. The vine is 

 extremely prolific, the fruit being large, of a deep 

 coppery red, and very sweet. The Catawba grape 

 does best on southern slopes, and on limestone 

 soils. Its slight musky aroma pervades the wines 

 made from it, and causes some connoisseurs to 

 reject all but the very choicest of the vintage from 

 the catalogue of first-class wines. 



Cat-bird ( Turdus or Galeoscoptes carolinensis), 

 an American thrush, of the same group as the 

 mocking-bird, which it resembles in its vocal 

 powers. Its name refers to its mew-like cry 

 when disturbed. It feeds on many kinds of 

 fruit and berries, also on worms and insects ; 

 builds a large nest of dry twigs, weeds, &c., with- 

 out any attempt at concealment, in a bush or 

 tree, often in the immediate vicinity of human 

 habitations, and shows extraordinary boldness in 

 the defence of its young. It is a bird of passage, 

 making its way northward in spring through 

 Georgia and Carolina as far as Massachusetts. 

 In winter it migrates southwards, and strayed 

 specimens have been seen as great rarities on the 

 continental coast of the North Sea. 



Catch* a species of musical composition peculiar 

 to England, written generally in three or four 

 parts, and in the canon form. It was origin- 

 ally synonymous with the Round (q.v. ), but the 

 name has been appropriated to a species of it to 

 which an absurd or humorous effect is given by 

 the successive entries of the parts, interrupting 

 or distorting the sense of the words into a new 

 and unexpected meaning. They abounded in the 

 Restoration period, when, as may be surmised, 

 they often had a more than questionable coarse- 

 ness. Hayes, Webbe, and Callcott, towards the 

 end of last century, were fertile composers in this 

 form. The ' Catch Club ' was founded in 1761. 



Catchfly, the name of the genus Silene, of 

 which many species produce a sticky secretion on 

 the calyx, the joints of the stem, &c., which pre- 

 vents the access of ants and other creeping insects 

 to the honey, so preserving it for the bees or other 

 flying insects by which alone cross fertilisation is 

 effected. Other Caryophyllaeese, noisily Lychnis 

 Viscaria, possess the same means of defence. The 

 Nottingham Catchfly is Silene nutans. /The un- 

 related Dioncea muscipula is also sometimes called 

 the Carolina Catchfly. See 



Catchpoll, a sheriff's officer or bailiff, who had 

 power to arrest. From catch and poll,/ the head ; ' 

 not as is suggested by the spelling c(tchpole from 

 pete ; though in various places a Ion/ pole was in 

 use for catching or holding criminals/by the neck, 

 having at the end of it an iron Aollar with a 

 V-shaped opening, occasionally arrn/d with spikes 

 on the inside. 



Cateau, LE, or CATEAU-CAJ^RESIS, a town 

 in the French department of Ncp, on the Selle, 

 14 miles ESE. of Cambrai. Ptf. (1891) 10,529. 

 Here in 1559 the treaty of Catmu-Cambresis was 

 concluded between Henry II. of^rance and Philip 

 II. of Spain. 



Catechism, any compendiAs system of teach- 

 ing drawn up in the form of cAestion and answer. 

 It is derived, through low latin, from a Greek 

 word kateched, which meanso resound, or sound 

 into one's ears ; to instruc/ by word of mouth. 

 Persons undergoing instrucjpn in the principles of 

 Christianity were hence calld Catechumens (q.v.). 



Catechisms have long fowled one of the principal 

 means employed for poj/ar instruction in the 

 truths and duties of theXhristian religion. The 

 composition of the firsfcatechisms was, in all* 

 probability, suggested f the ordinary oral in- 

 struction of catechump, and was intended for 

 the help both of teachtJ and pupils. It appears 

 to have been in the 8tlf.nd 9th centuries that the 

 first regular catechisi/ were compiled, of which 

 that by Kero, a monf of St Gall, that of Notker 

 Labeo of St Gall, ar/that ascribed to Otfried of 

 Weissenburg in Alsal, are among the most noted. 

 At later periods th/use of catechisms prevailed 

 chiefly among the Jponents of the hierarchy, as 

 among the Waldenfs, the Albigenses, the Wyclif- 

 ites, and, above alJimong the Bohemian Brethren. 

 The term catechii appears to have been first em- 

 ployed in its prejpit sense among the latter. At 

 an early period J the history of the Reformation 

 the Reformers jfe an to avai l themselves of this 

 method of popuP" instruction, and their catechisms 

 became import^ instruments in that great religi- 

 ous movement/ After Luther published in 1520 

 his primer of religion, entitled A Short Form 

 of the Ten jmmandments, the Creed, and the 

 Lord's Praym several catechisms were prepared 

 by leading w>testant theologians, that of Brenz 

 (1527-28) bJ>g the most notable. In 1525 Justus 

 1 i Agricola had been intrusted with 

 of a catechism, and Luther's visita- 

 iaxon churches in 1528 led to his pre- 

 arger and Smaller Catechisms (1529), 

 a place among the standards of the 



Jonas and 

 the prepar 

 tion of t" 

 paring h 

 which fq 



L u th era Jfchurches. The Larger he meant to be 

 for tea< rs > the Smaller for the people. The 

 latter \t been constantly reprinted, and is very 

 y used at the present day. A number of 

 were published also by the theologians 

 e f rme( i churches. The most noteworthy 

 Geneva and Heidelberg catechisms, and 

 CEcolampadius (Basel, 1526), Leo Judre 

 !534), and Bullinger (Zurich, 1555). The 

 catechisms, Larger and Smaller, were 

 of Calvin. The latter was published 

 ench in 1536 (Lat. ed. 1538); the former 



extens 

 catec 



of 

 are 



