CELAKOVSKY 



TKLKI'.KS 



43 



.small pendant* at the intersections. It in not 

 unusual for the ceiling immediately over the altar, 

 or tin- rood loft, to IK; richly ornamented, whilst the 

 rest is plain. See KUOF. 



Celukoysky, ( 1 ) FHANZ LADISLAUS, Bohemian 

 iMM-t, horn in Strakonitx, 7th March IT'.HI, ilied at 

 M-, jM-ofcssor of Slavonic Philology , 5th August 

 His principal works are Echoes of Russian 

 mill Bohemian Fulk-numjs ( ls.'{.'{ 4()|, and a cycle of 

 |M\ .- songs and didactic and political poems ( 1840). 

 H>- also ii;m>lated the works of Herder, Goethe, 

 and Scott. (2) LADISLAUS, botanist, born in 

 Prague, 29th November 1834, was appointed pro- 

 fessor of Botany there in 1880. Besides several 

 monographs on particular genera, he has published 

 a general book on the Bohemian Mora (3 parts, 

 1867-75 ) and an elucidation of the Darwinian theory. 

 _ Cel'aildilie is the popular name (and corrup- 

 tion ) of Chelidonium majus, a perennial papavera- 



Celandine ( Chelidonium majus) : 

 a, a flower. 



ceous herb, which, although not uncommon in 

 Britain, is doubtfully indigenous. Its pretty foliage 



and umbels of 

 small yellow 

 flowers, which 

 bloom from 

 May to August, 

 might alone 

 attract atten- 

 tion, but its 

 ancient repute 

 among herbal- 

 ists is due to its 

 yellow milky 

 juice, which is 

 very acrid and 

 poisonous. Ex- 

 ternally it was 

 applied to warts 

 and ulcers, and 

 internally ad- 

 ministered, it 

 was supposed 

 to be a specific for jaundice, apparently on no 

 better warrant, however, than that drawn from 

 its colour by the 'doctrine of signatures.' Its old 

 English name Swallow-wort, which appears to be 

 almost a translation of the botanical one, seems 

 founded on a supposed association between the 

 beginning and ending of its flowering time and 

 the arrival and departure of the swallows. It is, 

 however, the LESSER CELANDINE which is more 

 familiar to general readers, at least since Words- 

 worth devoted no fewer than three poems to its 

 honour. This is Ranunculus Ficaria, also known 

 as the common fig-wort or pile-wort, a quite unre- 



Lesser Celandine 

 (Ranunculus Ficaria). 



lated ranunculaceouft plant, which grown in abund- 

 ant patches in lii-lds and coppice**, ami brightenx 

 tin-in in early spring with its plentiful golden 

 flowers. It* tuberous r<x)ts and swollen separable 

 buds give it additional botanical interest, while it 

 is also noteworthy that these results of peculiarly 

 vegetative habit are associated with a frequent 

 imperfect maturity of the pollen. See REPRO- 

 DUCTION. 



Celano, LAOO DI. See FUCINO (LAKE OF). 



Celastracese* See SPINDLE-TREE. 



Cclaya, a town in the Mexican state of Guana- 

 juato, on the Rio Laja, about 150 miles by rail 

 NW. of the city of Mexico, has several fine plazas, 

 handsome churches, and manufactures of cotton 

 and woollen cloths and saddlery. Pop. (1877), 

 \\itli district, 28,336. The burning of its bull-ring, 

 on Easter Sunday 1888, caused considerable loss of 

 life. 



Ccle'bes (in England usually pronounced 

 Ce'lebes), the third largest and the central island 

 of the Eastern Archipelago, from 1 45' N. to 5" 37' 

 S. lat., and from 118 49' to 125 5' E. long. ; about 

 800 miles long by 200 broad ; total area estimated 

 at 76,260 sq. in. It is practically a Dutch posses- 

 sion, though there are numerous small native 

 states. In configuration, it consists of a central 

 nucleus whence radiate four long mountainous 

 limbs, respectively E., NE., SE., and S., inclosing 

 the three gulfs of Gorontalo, running in nearly 200 

 miles, Tolo 150 miles, and Boni about 200 miles. 

 The gulfs, as also the north and west coasts, are 

 studded with islands, rocks and shoals, and larger 

 outlying islands. Of the central nucleus and the 

 two inner limbs little is known. The east end of 

 the eastern peninsula ( north end of island ), Mina- 

 hassa district, is subject to earthquakes, and 

 contains 11 volcanoes, some of them active, such 

 as Mount Sapoetan (5938 feet), and, farther east, 

 Mount Klabat( 6559 feet), which has now, however, 

 long been quiescent, besides numerous hot springs 

 and sulphur lakes. The mountains of the south 

 peninsula, essentially a limestone formation, seldom 

 rise above 2000 feet. In the extreme south, how- 

 ever, are Maros ( 4225 feet ) and Bonthain ( 9994 feet ). 

 The uplands of the south peninsula are well wooded, 

 but its vegetation is much less luxuriant than that 

 of the east peninsula. Between the hills and coast 

 of the south peninsula are extensive grassy plains, 

 affording pasture for large herds of cattle, and for 

 the horses for which the district is famous. 



Celebes is rich in lakes, among them, Passo, in 

 the central nucleus, 35 miles by 25 miles, and Ton- 

 dano, nearly 2000 feet above the sea. There are 

 numerous streams, but Celebes, no part of which is 

 more than 50 miles from the sea, offers no space 

 for the formation of large rivers. The Sadang, 

 rising near lake Passo, flows due south for nearly 

 120 miles. 



Thanks to the elevation of the land and its sea- 

 exposure, Celebes enjoys a comparatively cool and 

 healthy climate. The vegetation includes rice, 

 maize, cofl'ee, sugar, tobacco, indigo, areca, betel, 

 pepper, clove and nutmeg growing wild ; the tree 

 yielding macassar oil, oak, teak, cedar, ebony, 

 sandalwood, Itamboos ; also the upas. Minahassa, 

 the most highly cultivated district, 60 by 20 miles, 

 has cofl'ee plantations, producing coffee of a re- 

 markably fine flavour, entirely in the hands of the 

 government, and where alone the ' culture system ' 

 has been applied in its integrity since 1822. " Many 

 animals, birds, and insects are wholly peculiar to 

 Celebes a tailless luilioon, two kinds of cuscus, the 

 babiroussa, and Sapi-utan, three kinds of starlings, 

 two magpies, &c. Gold is obtained from surface 

 washings, principally in Minahassa and Gorontalo 

 districts ; iron in the districts bordering the Guh 



