44 



CELERY 



CELIBACY 



of Tolo. Salt is also abundant. Tin and copper 

 are likewise worked. 



The population of the island of Celebes is given 

 at 1,000,000, who may all be regarded as belong- 

 ing to various Malay stocks, except 7000 Chinese 

 and 2500 Europeans. The Bugis (see BONI) 

 and Mangkassars of the south peninsula, tall, 

 shapely, and comparatively fair, are the dominant 

 native race, much disposed to trading and seafaring. 

 The 'Alfuros,' a collective name for the other 

 native tribes, are at a very low grade of culture. 

 Celebes was first visited in 1525 by a Portuguese 

 expedition from the Moluccas. In 1607 the Dutch 

 began to trade with Celebes, and now claim the 

 whole island, which they have divided into the 

 residencies of Macassar and Menado, a third divi- 

 sion round the north and west of the Gulf of Tolo 

 being included in the residence of the Ternate. 

 The total value of the exports in 1884 was 600,000, 

 of which coffee formed nearly a half ; and the im- 

 ports in the same year, 465,714. The women of 

 Celebes weave the sarang, or national garment, 

 which, together with variegated mats, is largely 

 exported. A ' high-road ' skirts the coast of the south 

 peninsula from Mandale, 30 miles N. of Macassar, 

 to Balang-Nifra, on the Gulf of Boni ; elsewhere 

 are only ordinary roads and footpaths. The chief 

 town is Macassar, with a sea-frontage of nearly 2 

 miles. Menado, the capital of Minahassa district, 

 and seat of a Dutch resident, is described as the 

 prettiest settlement in the whole of the Dutch East 

 Indies, and has a pop. of 2500. See Lahure, L'ile 

 de CMbes( Paris, 1879). 



Celery (Apinm), a widely distributed genus of 

 UmbelliferfE. The common celery (A. graveolens) 

 is found wild in Britain and most parts of Europe, 

 in ditches, brooks, &c. , especially near the sea and 

 in saline soils, and is acrid and uneatable. In cul- 

 tivation, however, abundant nutrition has greatly 

 mollified its properties, and two principal forms 

 have arisen one in which an abundant develop- 

 ment of parenchyma has taken place in the leaf- 

 stalks ; the other in which it affects the root while 

 these again possess their sub- varieties. The former 

 sort is the common celery of British gardens, where 

 the familiar long blanched succulent stalks are 

 produced by transplanting the seedlings into richly 

 manured trenches, which are filled up as the plants 

 grow, and finally raised into ridges over which little 

 more than the "tops of the leaves appear; and a 

 supply is thus insured throughout the whole 

 winter. The other form is the turnip-rooted 

 celery, or celeriac, and is now largely cultivated 

 on the Continent. Both forms are eaten uncooked 

 alone, or in salads, or in soups, or as a boiled or 

 stewed vegetable, and are pleasant and wholesome, 

 although when used too freely or frequently they 

 are diuretic and aphrodisiac. Some authorities 

 identify celery, instead of the closely related Parsley 

 (q.v.), as the Apium with which victors in the 

 Isthmian and other games were crowned, and of 

 which the Greeks were also wont to twine their 

 sepulchral garlands. 



Celeste, MADAME, dancer, was born in Paris 

 6th August 1814 (by her own account), more prob- 

 ably three or four years earlier. A pupil at the 

 Conservatoire, she early showed remarkable talent. 

 She made her debut in 1827 at New York, and dur- 

 ing her residence in America married one Elliott, 

 who died early. At Liverpool in 1830 she played 

 Fenella in Masaniello ; in 1831-33 she became 

 extremely popular in London. Her second visit to 

 America (1834-37) is said to have brought her 

 40,000. After her return she took part succes- 

 sively in the management of the Theatre Royal, 

 Liverpool, and the Adelphi and Lyceum in London. 

 Her imperfect English long confined her to non- 



speaking parts. She retired from the stage in 1874, 

 and died at Paris, 12th February 1882. 



Celestine, a mineral bearing the relation to 

 Strontium (q.v.) that heavy spar bears to barium. 

 It is essentially sulphate of strontia, SrOS0 3 , with 

 occasional admixture of sulphate of baryta, car- 

 bonate of lime, oxide of iron, &c., in small pro- 

 portions. It much resembles heavy spar, but is not 

 quite equal to it in specific gravity ; is usually blue, 

 often of a very beautiful indigo-blue ; sometimes 

 colourless, more rarely reddish or yellowish. Its 

 crystallisation is rhombic, like that of heavy spar. 

 Most beautiful specimens of crystallised celestine 

 are found in Sicily. Celestine derives its name 

 from its colour. It is the source from which nitrate 

 of strontia, employed in the manufacture of fire- 

 works, is derived. 



Celestine was the name of five popes, the first 

 of whom filled St Peter's chair in 422-432 (see 

 POPE). The most notable was the Neapolitan 

 Peter di Morrone, who after a long life of ascetic 

 severities was much against his will elected pope as 

 Celestine V. in 1294, when he was nearly eighty 

 years of age. He resigned his office after five 

 months 'the great refusal,' for making which he 

 is placed by Dante at the entrance of hell. He was 

 imprisoned" by his successor, Boniface VIII., and 

 died in 1296. He was founder of the Celestines, 

 and was canonised in 1313. 



Celestines, an order of hermits of St Damianus, 

 founded by Peter di Morrone about 1254, and con- 

 firmed as a monkish order by Urban IV. in 1264 

 and by Gregory X. in 1274. They called them- 

 selves Celestines when their founder ascended the 

 papal chair. They follow the rule of St Benedict, 

 wear a white garment with black hood and scapu- 

 lary, and live a purely contemplative life. In the 

 13th and 14th centuries the order spread rapidly 

 through France, Italy, and Germany, but subse- 

 quently decayed, and is now almost extinct. The 

 French Celestines were secularised by order of Pope 

 Pius VI. in 1776-78 ; so also were the Neapolitan 

 Celestines. 



Celibacy (from ccelebs, 'unmarried'), a state 

 opposed to the first and strongest natural law ( Gen. 

 i. 28), has from a variety of causes come to be re- 

 garded in certain religious systems as a condition 

 of the most sublime self-sacrifice. The perpetual 

 celibacy of the priests of Isis, and the chastity 

 of the vestal virgins, are familiar instances. But 

 nowhere was this sentiment so strongly and widely 

 manifested as among the millions devoted to 

 the religion of Buddha. The theories of oriental 

 philosophers and the natural tendency of mystics 

 did not fail to influence the early Christian churches, 

 and led before long to the doctrine that virginity is 

 a state in itself more excellent and more holy than 

 the married life, and to the discipline which, in the 

 Roman Church at least, imposed celibacy upon all 

 priests and sacred ministers. The Old Testament 

 is remarkably free from any tendency to exalt 

 celibacy above matrimony. But although texts 

 may be quoted on either side, the germs of the 

 doctrine in question may be discovered in the New 

 Testament. St Paul affirms it to be ' good for a 

 man not to touch a woman,' and wishes that all 

 men were celibate like himself (1 Cor. vii. 1, 7). 

 Christ himself speaks mysterious words in com- 

 mendation of those who ' have made themselves 

 eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake ;' and 

 the Lamb is followed on Mount Zion by 144,000 

 virgins, ' first-fruits unto God and unto the Lamb ' 

 (Rev. xiv. 1-5). 



The apostolic writings, however, while they sug- 

 gest the excellence of virginity in general, supply 

 no ground for the law of clerical celibacy. In the 

 first epistle to Timothy, the deacon as well as 



