60 



CEMENTS 



CEMETERY 



White and Red Lead Cements. Either white 

 lead or red lead by itself, or a mixture of both, is 

 much in request as a cement for the joints of slate 

 or glass cisterns, such as aquariums. These are also 

 employed for the joints of gas-pipes, for cementing 

 metal mounts to glass tubes, and other chemical 

 and electrical purposes. White and red lead 

 cements are made up with boiled linseed-oil, and 

 sometimes gold size is added. Mixed white and 

 red lead make a very hard and firm cement. A 

 cement of these two substances and ground plum- 

 bago in equal parts, mixed with oil, is said to 

 stand a great heat in steam- joints. 



Shell-lac Cements. An excellent cement is made 

 by digesting 4 oz. of the finest shell-lac in 3 oz. of 

 methylated spirit in a warm place. It should be 

 made into a consistency like thick syrup. This 

 makes a firm cement for mending pieces of glass, 

 china, ornamental stones, and ivory. It is not 

 soluble in water. A cheaper, but still very 

 serviceable cement can be formed by dissolving 

 shell-lac in wood naphtha. For some purposes 

 shell-lac itself is used as cement by simply melting 

 it. 



Marine Glue is a mixture of shell-lac in a solution 

 of india-rubber. It is made into thin sheets, and 

 melted when required for use in shipbuilding, &c. 



Gelatin and Isinglass Cements. Fish-glue, 

 gelatin, or Isinglass (q.v.), made up with dilute 

 acetic acid and other bodies into a jelly or thick 

 liquid, produces a cement slightly varying in its 

 nature, for mending china, glass, ivory, bone, and 

 other substances. Foulke s cement and liquid 

 fish-glue are cements of this class. These can be 

 obtained in a convenient form for use in hardware 

 or druggists' shops. They are more or less soluble 

 in water, so that articles mended with them must 

 be quickly washed. Cement of mixed glue and 

 glycerine, sometimes with tannin added, is occa- 

 sionally used for leather and cloth. 



Armenian or Diamond Cement. The following 

 is the reputed formula for preparing the cement 

 used by the Armenian jewellers for attaching 

 diamonds, &c., without any metallic setting : 

 ' Dissolve five or six bits of gum-mastic, each the 

 size of a large pea, in as much rectified spirit of 

 wine as will suffice to render it liquid ; and in 

 another vessel dissolve as much isinglass, previously 

 a little softened in water though none of the 

 water must be used in French brandy, or good 

 rum, as will make a 2-ounce phial of very strong 

 glue, adding two very small bits of galbanum or 

 ammoniacum, which must be rubbed or ground 

 till they are dissolved. Then mix the whole with 

 a sufficient heat. Keep the glue in a phial closely 

 stopped, and when it is to be used, set the phial in 

 boiling water. ' 



Elastic Cements. One part of caoutchouc dis- 

 solved in 3 parts of chloroform ; also, 5 parts of 

 caoutchouc in 3 parts of chloroform, with 1 part of 

 powdered gum-mastic added. Benzole is sometimes 

 used instead of chloroform as the solvent. Another 

 elastic cement can be made by a mixture of gutta- 

 percha and caoutchouc dissolved in bisulphide of 

 carbon. The solvents of these cements must not 

 be exposed to any but a gentle heat. 



Resin Cements. There are a great number of 

 cements partly formed of ordinary resin. One 

 kind consists of resin 4, beeswax 1, and whiting 

 1 part. The proportions of these ingredients in 

 the same order for another are 15J 1, and 4. 

 Another is made from resin 4, and plaster of Paris 

 1 part. These cements are used to fix pieces of 

 stone, glass, &c. to handles when grinding them. 

 Resin, pitch, beeswax, and plaster of Paris or 

 brick-dust are made up in various proportions into 

 cements. 



Cutlers' Cement, used for fixing knives and forks 



in handles, is made of equal weights of resin and 

 brick-dust melted together ; or, for a superior 

 quality, 4 parts of resin, 1 of beeswax, and 1 of 

 brick-dust. 



Copal varnish, mastic varnish, Canada balsam, 

 and gold size are each useful occasionally for 

 cementing substances like two pieces of glass 

 together. 



Cement-Stone, a somewhat argillaceous and 

 ferruginous limestone, generally compact, which is 

 occasionally employed for making hydraulic mortar 

 or cement. The Cement-stone Series is the name 

 of a group of strata occurring in the Carboniferous 

 System of Scotland. See CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 



Cemetery (from the Greek koimeterion, liter- 

 ally ' a sleeping-place ' ) may mean any graveyard, 

 or other place of deposit for the dead ; but it has 

 lately acquired a special meaning, applicable to 

 those extensive ornamental burial-grounds which 

 have recently come into use as the practice of 

 burying within and around churches was gradually 

 abandoned ( see BURIAL ). The fine burial-grounds 

 of the Turks, extending over large tracts adorned 

 by cedars and other trees, may have suggested the 

 plan to western Europeans. Those round Con- 

 stantinople are famous, and are dense forests of 

 cypresses. A Moslem grave is never reopened, and 

 a cypress is usually planted after every interment. 

 Of western cities, Paris took the lead in this re- 

 spect, and in Britain there are now no consider- 

 able towns near which there is not at least one 

 cemetery, and the legislation mentioned under the 

 head of BURIAL has rendered their establishment, 

 to a certain extent, a legal necessity. There was 

 at first a natural feeling of regret at the prospect of 

 deserting places of deposit for the dead so hallowed 

 by ancient use and recent associations as the 

 church and the churchyard. On the other hand, 

 the new places of interment began to become 

 attractive in virtue of their trees and flowers, 

 natural scenery, and works of monumental art. 

 The new cemeteries are in many instances cheerful 

 open places, and in them the place of rest for the 

 dead has rather tended to improve than to under- 

 mine the health of the living. One of the first 

 and most celebrated of modern European ceme- 

 teries is that of Pere la Chaise (q.v.), near Paris, 

 the arrangements of which have been generally 

 followed in the cemeteries of London and other 

 English cities. It was laid out in 1804, and is now 

 within the enceinte of the city. The Campo Santo of 

 Pisa ( 1228-83), the pantheon of the Pisans, has been 

 the model of many Italian cemeteries. It is an 

 oblong court, surrounded by lofty arcades of marble, 

 and adorned with famous frescoes and works of art. 

 In the centre is a mass of earth brought from the 

 Holy Land. The Genoese Campo Santo contains 

 an enormous wealth of sculpture. One Neapoli- 

 tan cemetery (the Campo Santo Vecchio) differs 

 widely from most others. It contains 366 deep 

 pits, one of which is opened each day, and in 

 it all the interments of the day take place. At 

 night a funeral service is performed, and the 

 pit is filled with earth and lime, not to be re- 

 opened till the year after. The Sicilian catacombs 

 are also a kind of cemetery. Kensal Green Ceme- 

 tery dates from 1832 ; other well-known London 

 cemeteries are those of Highgate and Woking 

 (1855), near Guildford, 7000 acres in area, with a 

 crematory. The Dean Cemetery at Edinburgh, 

 and the Necropolis of Glasgow, are notable ; that 

 of Glasnevin, outside of Dublin, is the most 

 celebrated in Ireland. English cemeteries are 

 usually divided into two portions one conse- 

 crated for the burials of members of the Estab- 

 lished Church, over whose remains the funeral 

 service is read, and one unconsecrated, for the 



