CEREBRATION 



CERIGO 



71 



popular >en-e tin- term cereal ceawes to have any 

 botanical limits, and includes plants of wholh 

 distinct orders, notably Buckwheat (natural 

 order, I'olygonart'ir), and (^ninoa 1 1 'licnopodi- 

 acew), &c. ; even the Lotus of the Nile, the Vic- 







i i-fi/xi, and other species of water-lilies might 

 thus le iidded to the liM. 



The cereals proper do not l>elong to any particular 

 trilie of t lie ^i.-at order of grasses, but the employ- 

 ment of particular species as bread -plants seems to 

 have been determined chiefly by the superior size of 

 the seed, or by the facility of procuring it in suffi- 

 cient i|iiantitv, and of freeing it from its unedible 

 envelopes. The most extensively cultivated grains 

 are \V heat ( Triticum ), Barley ( Hordeum ), Rye 

 (Secale), Oats (Avena), Rice (Oryza), Maize or 

 Indian Corn (Zea), different kinds of Millet 

 <ria, Panicum, Paspalum, Pennisetum, and 

 Penicillaria), and Durra or Guinea Corn (Sorghum 

 or Andropogon). These have all been cultivated 

 from time immemorial, and there is great uncer- 

 tainty as to the number of species to which the many 

 existing varieties lelong ; their original forms and 

 native countries often cannot confidently be deter- 

 mined. Barley, oats, and rye are the grains of the 

 coldest regions, the cultivation of the former two 

 extending even within the arctic circle. Wheat is 

 next to these, and in the warmer regions of the 

 temperate zone its cultivation is associated with 

 that of maize and rice, which are extensively culti- 

 vated within the tropics. The millets belong to 

 warm climates, and durra is tropical or sub-tropical. 

 Rice is the food of a greater number of the human 

 race than any other kind of grain. See CORN, 

 BARLEY, MAIZE, MILLET, RICE, WHEAT, and 

 other separate articles. 



Cerebration, UNCONSCIOUS. There can be 

 no doubt that molecular changes in the cerebrum 

 accompany all our conscious mental processes. The 

 doctrine of ' unconscious cerebration as stated by 

 Carpenter, Laycock, and others, holds that similar 

 changes may go on in the cerebrum without any 

 -consciousness on our part, until the fully elaborated 

 mental result is presented. It is an every-day 

 experience that after one has been in vain trying to 

 recall some name or incident, it will suddenfy flash 

 into the mind when one is thinking of some entirely 

 < 1 i It'orent subject. According to Carpenter the cere- 

 brum put in action by our consciousness has gone 

 on working automatically but unconsciously, until 

 the processes accompanying the mental operation 

 of remembering the name or incident have been 

 completed. This is the physiological statement 

 corresponding to the psychological doctrine that the 

 mind may undergo modifications without being 

 conscious of the process until the new combination 

 is presented to consciousness. See CONSCIOUSNESS, 

 BRAIN, PSYCHOLOGY, PERSONALITY. 



Cerebro-spinal Fluid is a clear, almost 

 colourless, slightly alkaline fluid, closely resem- 

 bling lymph in its composition, but containing less 

 albumen. It is contained partly within the ventric- 

 ular system of the brain, and in part in the loose 

 connective tissue ( subarachnoid meshwork), which 

 lies between the Arachnoid and Pia Mater (q.v. ), 

 being continued from this latter situation along 

 the lymphatic sheaths, which closely invest all 

 the blood-vessels in the substance of the brain 

 and spinal cord. The spaces which contain it com- 

 municate with the lymphatics of the head and of 

 the nerves, and with the venous sinuses in the 

 dura mater. Its main function, besides that of 

 removing waste products, is to equalise the pressure 

 within the skull. As the blood pressure increases 

 that of the cerebro-spinal fluid diminishes, and vice 

 versd. As the brain atrophies it is replaced by a 

 proportionate increase in the fluid. In some dis- 



eases, Much as acute and chronic HydrocephaluH 

 (q.v.), it is greatly increased, and then it becomes 

 a cause of atrophy of the brain. Ita value a a 

 water-cushion in (fiminishing the violence of shock 

 from external injury haw been already referred to 

 at BRAIN. Cereoro-spinal means pertaining to the 

 I H a in and spinal cord together, to the cerebro- 

 spinal system. For Cerebro-spinal Meningitis, see 

 MK MM'; IT is. 



Cerebrum. See BRAIN. 



Ceremonies, MASTER OF THE, an officer at 

 court, instituted by James I. for the reception of 

 ambassadors and dignitaries. The same name came 

 to be used for the supreme authority on etiquette 

 at public assemblies at Bath and elsewhere ; Beau 

 Nash (q.v.) being the most memorable. 



Cereopsis ((Jr., ' wax-face '), a genus of birds 

 of the family Anatidse, to which the New Holland 

 goose (C. novce hollandice) belongs. This bird has 

 been known since the southern shores of Australia 

 were first visited by navigators. There, and on the 

 adjacent islands, they were found in great abund- 

 ance ; and so little were they acquainted with the 

 danger to be apprehended from man, that the 

 earlier navigators easily supplied themselves with 

 fresh provisions by knocking them down with 

 sticks. The flight is slow and heavy, and the 

 bird is naturally Becoming less abundant. The cere 

 ( see BILL ) is remarkably large, whence the name. 



Ceres, the Roman name of the great Greek 

 goddess Demeter, the protectress of agriculture and 

 the fruits of the earth. Her worship was borrowed 

 by the Romans from Sicily. Her first temple in 

 Rome was vowed by the dictator A. Postumius 

 Albinus (496 B.C.), to avert a famine with which 

 the city was threatened. A great festival, with 

 games, the Cerealia, was instituted in her honour, 

 and her worship acquired great importance in the 

 city. The decrees of the senate were deposited 

 in her temple for the inspection of the tribunes 

 of the people. See DEMETER. 



Ceres, one of the Planetoids (q.v.), and the 

 first of them that was discovered. It was first seen 

 by Piazzi at Palermo, January 1, 1801, and is 

 sometimes visible to the naked eye, looking like a 

 star between the seventh and eighth magnitudes. 



Cereus, a large genus of Cactaceae (q.v.), con- 

 taining many of the most imposing forms of the 

 order, both as respects vegetation and flowering. 

 C. giganteus reaches a height of 60 feet, often un- 

 branched, its tall pillars giving an extraordinary 

 character to the landscape of New Mexico, while 

 the allied C. peruvianus (36 feet) takes its place in 

 Peru. Others have thin snake-like branches ( C. 

 flagelliformis), while the short obconical C. senilis 

 is covered with long silky hairs. Many have 

 splendid flowers, and of these C. specio&issimus with 

 scarlet or purplish flowers is often cultivated, while 

 C. grandrftorns is the well-known night-flowering 

 cactus. The fruits are often much esteemed. For 

 illustration, see CACTUS. 



f Yriunoln, a town of Italy, 22 miles SE. of 

 Foggia l>y rail, with manufactures of linen, and a 

 trade in almonds and cotton. The Spaniards' deci- 

 sive victory over the French here in 1503 established 

 Spain's supremacy in Naples. Pop. 22,659. 



Ceri'gO* the southernmost of the seven Ionian 

 Islands (q.v.), now officially known again by its old 

 Greek name of Cythera, is separated from the coast 

 of Morea by a narrow strait. Area, 107 sq. m. ; 

 pop. ( 1879) 13,259. It is mostly barren and moun- 

 tainous in some parts ; but corn, wine, and olives 

 and fruits are raised. Capsali is the capital. In 

 ancient times the island was sacred to Venus, as 

 the land that received the goddess when she arose 

 from the sea. 



