CEHVETRI 



CESTRACION 



75 



Mi. i. -in, in his Don Quixote (Madrid, 

 uii.l Knglish Lives by Watt* (1895, from 

 .litioii), and by J. F. Kelly (1892). 

 Cervet'ri, a village 19 miles WNW. of Home, 

 the site of the great Ktrurian city, Caere 

 IliKii.iA). < '<)iK|uered and degraded by the 

 .-UI- in 353 B.C., it experienced but a brief 

 renewal of prosperity under the empire as a water- 

 in^ pK-u-e i i In' warm Jiagni del Sasso, still used), 

 nl finally fell into decay in the 13th century. 

 :ui\ I'.truscan remains have been found near by. 



Cer'vida? and Cervus. See DEER. 

 4Vrvin, MONT. See MATTERHORN. 

 Cesalpino. See C^GSALPINUS. 

 (Ysarewitch. See CZAR. 

 V sari. GIUSEPPE (sometimes called ARPINO), 

 i Italian painter, born at Arpino about 1568, 

 as greatly honoured by no less than five popes, 

 iid died at Rome, 3d July 1640. His works in 



;o and oil display lively imagination, and 



,t tact in execution. 



Cesarotti, MELCHIORE, an excellent Italian 

 ^oet, was born 15th May 1730, at Padua, where he 

 illed the Greek and Hebrew chairs. He gained 

 reputation by his translation of Macpherson's 

 Jssian ( 1763). The versification of this work, like 

 mt of his free translation of the Iliad, under the 

 itle of La Morte di Ettore, was admired by Alfieri, 

 ,nd Cesarotti unquestionably threw fresh life into 

 Italian literature. His Ragionamento sulla Filosofia 

 delle Lingue (8 vols. 1785) and Ragionamento sulla 

 Filosofia del Gusto are his best works. He died 

 3d November 1808. 



Cese'na, a town of Central Italy, 12 miles SE. of 

 Forli !>y rail, with a cathedral ana a trade in silk, 

 wiiu>, IMMIIJI, and sulphur. Cesenagave birth to two 

 pones Pius VI. and VII. Pop. 12,500. Here Murat 

 defeated the Austrians, 30th March 1815. 



Ces'nola, COUNT LUIGI PALMA DI, archaeolo- 

 gist, was born near Turin, June 29, 1832. He served 

 with the Sardinian contingent in the Crimean war, 

 went to New York in 1860, and served as a volunteer 

 in the civil war. Appointed American consul at 

 Cyprus in 1865, he commenced a series of excava- 

 tions which he continued for about ten years with 

 the most remarkable success. His splendid collec- 

 tion of statues and figures, lamps, vases, inscrip- 

 tions, and other antiquities, was opened in New 

 York in 1872 as the ' Cesnola Collection of Cyprian 

 Antiquities. ' Doubts expressed in 1879 as to the 

 authenticity of part of the collection were proved to 

 be groundless. His chief work is Cyprus, its ancient 

 Cities, Tombs, and Temples (1877). 



Ces'pedes, PABLO DE, Spanish painter, born 

 at Cordova in 1536, studied at Rome under Michael 

 Angelo and Raphael, and in 1577 became a pre- 

 '< -Hilary at Cordova, where he established a school 

 of art, and was also active as an architect, 

 painter, and writer. He died 26th July 1608. 



Cess (short for assess). See LAND LAWS. 



Cessio Honorum (Lat. 'cession or surrender 

 Of goods'), a process which the law of Scotland 

 borrowed from that of Rome, and which also 

 appears in most of the continental systems. On 

 making a surrender of estate to his creditors, the 

 debtor was granted a judicial protection from im- 

 prisonment in respect of all debts then due by him. 

 As, however, imprisonment for debt was abolished 

 by the Debtors Act, 1880, except in the case of 

 rates and taxes due, cessio as a process for the 

 protection or liberation from imprisonment of in- 

 solvent debtors is now practically obsolete. The 

 Act of 1880, however, introduced a new process of 

 cessio, resembling sequestration, and really a cheap 



and summary method of distributing a small estate 

 among the creditors. The petition nm-i be pre- 

 sented in the sheriff-court either by a creditor or 

 )>y the not/our bankrupt himself. Notice in given 

 in the Gazette, there i# a meeting of creditors, the 

 debtor is publicly examined, tin; Kin-rill' grant* a 

 decree appointing a trustee and ordering tin; debtor 

 to convey all his estate (except working tool*, 

 alimentary funds, and future acquisitions) to the 

 trustee, who then ranks the various claims on the 

 estate, subject to an appeal to the sheriff. A most 

 important change was introduced by the Bank- 

 ruptcy and Cessio Act, 1881, which provides for the 

 first time that the debtor under a cessio may 

 obtain a statutory discharge, but only if he pays 

 5s. per 1, or satisfies the sheriff that failure to pay 

 such a dividend is not due to his fault. The pro- 

 cess of cessio must In- distinguished in some of its 

 effects from the English and American assignment 

 for the benefit of creditors under insolvent statutes. 

 See BANKRUPTCY, SEQUESTRATION ; Goudy on 

 Bankruptcy (1886). 



Cesspool. See SEWAGE. 



Cestoid Worms (Cestoda), an order of flat 

 worms ( Plathelminthes ), of internal parasitic 

 habit, and generally known as Tapeworms (q.v. ). 

 The adult consists of an asexual 'head,' attached 

 by hooks or suckers or both to the host, and 

 budding off a long chain of flat sexual, hermaphro- 

 dite 'joints,' which become mature at a certain 

 distance from the 'head,' have a measure of in- 

 dividuality and independence, and are eventually 

 expelled. There is no alimentary canal nor vas- 

 cular system ; the nervous system is usually com- 

 plex, but of a low order ; there is a well-developed 

 excretory system of branching tubes. The repro- 

 ductive organs of the ' joints ' are usually very 

 complex. The liberated ' joints ' or ' proglottides ' 

 brealc up, and set free embryos, which find their 

 way into other hosts, and undergoing considerable 

 change become bladder- worms, develop a head, or 

 in some cases heads, and only become sexual when 

 their host is in turn eaten by the original species 

 in which the tapeworm flourished. There is thus 

 an alternation of generations between the asexual 

 bladder- worm and the sexual tapeworm. The order 

 includes about 25 genera and 500 species, mostly 

 parasitic in vertebrates. The genus Tsenia ( tape- 

 worm ) includes more than half the known species. 

 The Cestodes are linked to the flukes or Trematodes 

 by forms like Amphilina, Caryophylhi'us, and Arch- 

 igetes, which have no 'joints,' and a single repro- 

 ductive system ; and there is a well-marked series 

 from these up to the most specialised Ta-nia. 

 Echineibothrium, Phyllobothrium, Anthobothrium, 

 Acanthobothrium, Tetrarhynchus, Ligula, Bothrio- 

 cephalus (q.v.), are the important genera besides 

 Tsenia. See TAPEWORMS ; also BLADDER-WORM, 

 PARASITIC ANIMALS, and Leuckart's Parasites of 

 Man. 



Cestracion, a genus of sharks, regarded as 

 constituting a distinct family, Cestraciontidas al- 

 though not more than four species are known as 

 now existing. It is characterised by having two 

 dorsal fins and one anal, the first dorsal situated 

 over the space between the pectorals and ventral- -. 

 a snine forming the front of each dorsal ; a short 

 wide tail, with its upper lobe strongly notched 

 beneath ; the mouth at the fore end of the snout ; 

 spiracles distinctly visible, rather behind the eyes ; 

 and small gill-openings. The front of the month 

 is armed with obtuse angular teeth, whilst the 

 margins and inner surface of the jaws are covered 

 with pavement-like teeth, presenting a general 

 continuity of surface, as in skates, and disposed 

 in rounded oblique scrolls the former evidently 

 adapted to the seizing of food, the latter to the 



