76 



CESTUI QUE TRUST 



CETEOSAURUS 



crashing and bruising of it. They are of obvious 

 use with a diet of nard-shelled crustaceans and 



Outside view of 

 Egg-case of 

 Cestracion 

 philippi. 



Upper Jaw of Port- Jackson Shark ( Cestracion philippi). 



molluscs. The front teeth are sharp in the young 

 forms. The egg-case has two curious spiral ridges 

 surrounding it. The Port-Jackson 

 Shark, or 'Nurse' (C. philippi) of 

 the Australian seas, and the Cat 

 Shark of Japan and China ( C. 

 zebra), seem to differ chiefly in the 

 patterns of colour. None exceed 

 five feet in length. The Cestra- 

 ciontidse are particularly interest- 

 ing to geologists, for the oldest 

 fossil sharks belong in great part to 

 this family. ' The remains are 

 found even in the Palaeozoic strata ; 

 they become more numerous in the 

 Carboniferous series ; they are very 

 numerous in the Lias and Chalk 

 formations ; but there they cease 

 almost entirely, the strata of the 

 Tertiary series containing scarcely 

 any of them.' In modern times the 

 species are reduced, as we have 

 seen, to four at most, and other types of shark 

 have become more prevalent. The fossil forms 

 were abundant, also much larger, and the cestra- 

 cions thus furnish a particularly good illustration 

 of a decadent family. 



Cestlli que Trust, a person for whom another 

 is a trustee. The term is Norman-French, and 

 means in English law, and also in the United 

 States, exactly what Beneficiary (q.v.) means in 

 Scots law. 



Cestus (Gr. kestos, 'embroidered'), a girdle 

 worn by Greek and Roman women, but at what 

 part of the body is somewhat uncertain. It was 

 worn apparently between the cingulum, which was 

 a sash or girdle over the tunic just under the 

 bosom, and the zone, worn mostly by young un- 

 married women lower down the body, just above 

 the hips. According to Winckelmann, the cestus 

 was itself worn round the loins ; according to 

 Heyne and Visconti, immediately under the bosom. 

 The cestus of Aphrodite was covered with such 

 alluring representations of the joys of love that she 

 who wore it was irresistible. It was borrowed by 

 Hera when she desired to win the love of Zeus. 

 CESTUS, or more correctly, C^ESTUS, the boxing 

 gauntlets worn by the ancient prize-fighters, which 

 consisted of leather thongs bound round the hands 

 and wrists. They sometimes reached as high up as 

 the elbows, and were armed with lead or metal 

 bosses to increase the force of the blow. 



Cetacea, an order of mammals, of aquatic 

 habit and fish-like form. The head is large, the 



neck indistinct ; there is generally a median dorsal 

 fin, and the tail has lateral flukes ; the fore-limbs 

 are reduced to paddles, the hind-limbs are at most 

 represented by slight internal traces ; the skin is 

 smooth, and, with the occasional exception of a 

 few bristles near the mouth, hairless ; there is a 

 thick layer of fat or blubber under the skin which 

 serves instead of hair as a heat-retainer. The eye 

 is small, there is no external ear, the nostrils 

 are situated vertically. The bones are spongy 

 and oily, the neck vertebrae are compressed and 

 often fused, there is no union to form a sacrum. 

 The skull is peculiarly modified, the brain-case 

 being high, and the front part prolonged into more 

 or less of a snout. There are no collar-bones ; 

 the bones of the arm are flattened and stiff ; the 

 joints of the second and third fingers are always 

 above the normal number ; the whole arm forms a 

 flipper ; the hip-girdle and hind-leg are degenerate. 

 In one group teeth are absent except in the foetus, 

 and are replaced by ' whalebone ' growths from the 

 palate ; in no case is there more than one set of 

 teeth. The stomach has several chambers ; the 

 intestine is simple. The liver is less divided than 

 usual, and there is no gall-bladder. The blood- 

 vessels form wonderful networks ( retia mirabilia ). 

 The top of the windpipe is prolonged forwards so 

 as to form, when embraced by the soft palate, a 

 continuous air-passage from nostrils to lungs. 

 The brain is large. The placenta is ' non-deciduate 

 and diffuse.' The teats are two in number, and 

 lie beside the female genital aperture ; the milk 

 is squeezed into the mouth of the sucking young. 



The Cetacea are widely distributed in all seas 

 and in some large rivers. They swim powerfully, 

 and the tail works up and down, not sideways. 

 They rise to the surface to breathe, and do not 

 spout sea- water from their blowholes. The expira- 

 tion is periodic and violent, and the forcibly ex- 

 pelled air being laden with water, vapour may 

 condense in a pillar of fine spray, or the ascending 

 column may carry up some surface sea- water along 

 with it, but it must oe recognised that the process 

 is simply that of ordinary expiration in peculiar 

 conditions. They are mostly inoffensive, generally 

 social in habit, vary from 4 to 60 feet in lengtli, 

 and feed on jelly-fish, crustaceans, pteropods, 

 cuttlefish, fishes, and in one genus (Orca) on seals 

 and on other whales. 



Two very distinct series have to be distinguished 

 (a) the Toothed Whales or Odontoceti, and (b) 

 the Baleen Whales or Mystacoceti. The former 

 include Sperm Whales (Physeter), the Bottlenose 

 ( Hyperoodon ), the genus Platanista and its allies, 

 and the great family of Dolphins (q.v.). The 

 latter sub-order includes the Right Whale ( Balsena ), 

 the 'Humpbacks' (Megaptera), and the Rorquals 

 (Balaenoptera). 



In the Eocene, Cetacea are represented by primi- 

 tive, less specialised forms, known as Zeuglodons, 

 but the remains are, as one would expect, some- 

 what fragmentary, and the conclusions to be drawn 

 from them very uncertain. In Miocene and Plio- 

 cene strata still more fragmentary cetacean remains 

 have been found, and are grouped together in the 

 genus Squalodon. 



There is much doubt and dispute in regard to the 

 origin and affinities of Cetacea. They are related 

 by some to Carnivores, but the researches of Pro- 

 fessor Flower have made it more probable that they 

 have much closer affinities with Ungulates. He 

 regards it as not unlikely that the whole group had 

 a fresh-water origin. Fuller details must be sought 

 under the article WHALE. See Flower's article 

 ' Mammalia,' Ency. Brit. 



CeteosaiirilS (ketos, 'whale;' sauros, 'lizard'), 

 a large dinosaurian reptile belonging to the 

 Jurassic System (q.v.). According to Professor 



