CKYI.ON 



CHADWK K 



81 



-.'Till M;IIV|I !Mr>. The native sovereigns, however, 

 continued in tin- po .'ion of tlii-ir m<unt;iiii ter- 

 ritory : l>nt at length the Kiinilyan king, NYikrama 

 Singha, ail IT perpetrating tlie most frightful 

 tir- <>n liis o\v people, sei/ed and niurdi-n'il 

 ci'ii. tin nutiM- merchants, I'.ritish subjects, trading 

 toKamU. War followed, January 1815; Kandy 

 was taken, and tin* i \rant -ent a captive to the 

 fortre.-s "I Vellore. On tlie 2d March 1815, a 

 1 1 rat \ ua> concluded with tlie native chiefs, by 

 \\hicii tlic king w;is formally deposed, and hLs 



'iirs annexed to the British crown. 

 After the settlement of the Kaiulyan provinces, 

 ttention was drawn to the hill country of Ceylon 

 a probable field for tlie profitable investment of 

 iti-!i eapital and energy, and among other agri- 

 iltural enterprises the cultivation of coffee w.-is 

 itered upon. The condition of soil and climate 

 veil favourable, and the abolition of slavery in 

 \Ve-t Indies, and the consequent labour uirfi- 

 ilties, caused a rush towards Ceylon, and the 

 ea under coffee cultivation rapidly extended. 

 ie enterprise, though subject to all the vicissi- 

 ides incidental to tropical agriculture, steadily 

 s-w, and coffee soon became the staple export 

 >ia the island ; and the revenue directly ana in- 

 Bctly derived from it enabled successive gover- 

 jrs to bridge rivers, to make roads and railways, 

 id to restore many of the ancient irrigation works 

 rhich, in the period antecedent to British rule, 

 fallen into disrepair. In 1869, however, a 

 us ( Hemileift vastatrix) attacked the leaves of 

 le coffee-trees, and the energy of the tree which 

 hitherto produced fruit was now required for 

 iie constant reproduction of leaf. Everything 

 diich practice or science could suggest was tried 

 mitigate or overcome the pest, but in spite of 

 efforts it steadily increased in virulence, and the 

 fee- planters were obliged to turn their attention 

 other products of the soil. 



Cinchona, cacao, cardamoms, and many other 

 lucts were introduced with varying success, 

 it it soon became plain that Ceylon was capable 

 becoming a great tea-producing country, and tea 

 become the chief factor in restoring the finan- 

 cial equilibrium. Cinnamon and cocoa-nut cultiva- 

 ^' are chiefly in the hands of natives; tea, cin- 

 iona, cacao, and cardamom cultivation in the 

 ids of Europeans ; and the export table shows 

 ow, through the energy of the planters, new pro- 

 iucts have to a great extent replaced coffee. 



Coffee In ewt. Caoao In cwt. Tea In Ib. 



1873'. 995,493 .... 



1878 620,292 .... 8,515 



1883 260,053 2 1,522,882 



1887 180,429 17,460 12,013,886 



1893 55,423 29,776 82,2(59,353 



In 1898 the export of coffee had decreased to 

 2,871 cwt., while that of tea had increased to 

 !_*_'.:{'. .")..") 17 Ib. The other principal exports were 

 cinchona, 977,760 Ib., and cinnamon, 4,281,165 Ib. 

 In the >ame year the value of the exports to the 

 United Kingdom was: tea, 3,694, 123 ; plumbago, 

 tl'.is.s:;;!; ,,n t 180,402; nuts for oil, 164,469; 

 cocoa, 138,521 ; and cinnamon, 62,951. Minor 

 exports are ebony, cardamoms, areca-nute, and 

 lyes. Tlie principal imports are cotton goods, salt 

 fish, rice, coal and coke, spirits, and wines. 



Ceylon is the largest and most important of what 

 are known as the crown colonies of the British 

 Empire. The government is administered by a 

 governor aided by executive and legislative coun- 

 cils (the former consisting of five members, the 

 latter of fifteen, partially elective), and municipal 

 Councils. Local ooards and village tribunals give 

 a measure of self-government to the people. The 

 population of Ceylon, 2,763,984 at the census of 

 1^1, bad risen in 1891 to 3,008,239, of whom 

 110 



2,000,000 were Singhalese, 750,000 Tamil iiiuni- 

 grantM and settlers, 200,000 Moormen ( Mohamme- 

 dan- of Arab descent), 5500 Kuro|ean-, 2,(M 

 Kma-ian de-ci-ndants of PoftagIMM and I)utch, 

 25IHI Veddahs, 22.IMM) of mixed race. 



The revenue in 1889 was 15,299,877 rupee*, and 

 exceeded the expenditure by 400,000 rupee* ; in 

 1898 the revenue had increased to 25, 138,609 rupees, 

 while the expenditure wa 22,843,852 rupee*, Know- 

 ing a larger surplus. The total import*, including 

 specie, were valued at 97,893,058 rupees, and the 

 total exports, including specie, at 85,3/2,622 rujiees. 

 There are 298 miles of railways open, and 1727 

 miles of telegraph wire in operation. 



See works on Ceylon by Sir James Emerson Tennent 

 (2 vols. 1859), Captain Suckling (2 vote. 1876), John 

 FerguBon ( 1887 and 1893 ), Miss Gordon Cumming ( 1891 ), 

 Alan Walters (1892), H. W. Cave (1894 and 1897), and 

 Emil Schmidt (Leip. 1897). 



Cezlmbra, a coast town of Portugal, about 18 

 miles S. of Lisbon. Pop. 6815. 



Chabas. FRANCOIS, a great French Egyptolo- 

 gist, was born January 2, 1817, at Briancpn. 

 Though at first engaged in commerce, he found 

 time to become a learned linguist, but it was not 

 till 1851 that he gave himself up to the study of 

 hieroglyphics. The first results of his studies 

 appeared in 1856, followed by a series of invaluable 

 books and papers, elucidative chiefly of two im- 

 portant periods of ancient Egyptian history the 

 conquest of the country by the Hyksos, and the 

 time of their expulsion. Among the more import- 

 ant of his many books are Les Pasteurs en gypte 

 (1868), Histoire de la XIX. Dynast ie et specialement 

 des Temps de VExode ( 1873), and titudes sur I'Anti- 

 quite historigue d'apres les Sources egyptiennes ( 2d 

 ed. 1873). From 1873 to 1877 he edited L'^gypto- 

 logie. He died at Versailles, May 17, 1882. 



Chabasite. See ZEOLITE. 



Chablis, a town in the French department of 

 Yonne, 12 miles E. of Auxerre. It gives name to 

 an esteemed white Burgundy (q.v.) wine. Pop. 

 2363. 



Chaco, EL GRAN. See GRAN CHACO. 



Chaconne (Fr.), an obsolete dance, probably 

 Spanish ( chacona, from Basque chocuna, ' pretty ' ). 

 The movement is slow, and: the music, a series of 

 variations on a ground bass, mostly eight bars in 

 length, appears in sonatas as well as in ballets. 



Chad, LAKE. See TSAD. 



Chad, ST (Ceadda), was born in Northumbria, 

 became a pupil of St Aidan, spent part of his youth 

 in Irelana, and in 666 became Bishop of York. 

 Doubt having been cast on the validity of his con- 

 secration, he withdrew in 669, but was immediately 

 made Bishop of Mercia, fixing the see at Lichfield 

 (q.v.). He died in 672, after a life eminent for 

 humility ami sanctity. See Life by Warner ( 1871 ). 



Chadwick, EDWIN, C.B., a social reformer, 

 born in the vicinity of Manchester, 24th January 

 1801, studied law, and was called to the bar in 1830. 

 He attracted the notice of Jeremy Bentham by an 

 article on Life Assurances. He early devoted his 

 attention to questions of social, sanitary, and polit- 

 ical science, and was by Lord Grey's government 

 appointed an assistant-commissioner to inquire 

 into the operation of the poor-laws: His report, 

 published in 1833, commanded great attention, and 

 laiil the foundation of the later systems of govern- 

 ment inspection. On the organisation of the new 

 Poor-law Board, Chadwick was appointed secretary. 

 In connection with this Board, and the General 

 Board of Health, Chadwick for twenty years was 

 energetic in improving the administration of poor- 

 law funds and the sanitary condition of the country. 

 His report on interment- in towns (1843) laid the 



