86 



CHALLIS 



CHALMERS 



Good Hope, Kerguelen, Melbourne, the Chinese 

 Sea, Hong Kong, Japan, Valparaiso, Magellan's 

 Strait, Monte Video, Vigo, and Portsmouth. 

 Between the Admiralty Isles and Japan the 

 Challenger made her deepest sounding, on the 23d 

 March 1875, 4575 fathoms. See the copious Reports 

 on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. 

 Challenger, edited by Sir Wyville Thomson and 

 Sir John Murray, which mark an era in deep-sea 

 exploration. They extend in all to fifty volumes 

 (1880-95), the bulk of the large quartos devoted to 

 Zoology, the others representing Botany (3 vols. ), 

 Deep-sea Deposits (1 vol.), Physics and Chemistry 

 (3 vols.), and -A Narrative (2 vols.). To these in- 

 valuable reports many articles in the present work 

 are indebted for materials and illustrations. See 

 also the works of Sir C. Wyville Thomson, H. M. 

 Moseley, Spry, Lord George Campbell, Wild ; and 

 the articles in this work on ATLANTIC OCEAN, 

 PACIFIC OCEAN, SOUNDING, and especially SEA. 



4'hal I is. JAMES, astronomer, born at Braintree 

 in Essex, 12th December 1803, graduated senior 

 wrangler and first Smith's prizeman at Cambridge 

 in 1825, was ordained in 1830, and in 1836 became 

 professor of Astronomy at Cambridge, where he died 

 3d December 1882. He was also till 1861 director 

 of the Cambridge Observatory, and published a 

 number of works, including 12 vols. of astronomical 

 observations (1832-64). In August 1846, whilst 

 carefully preparing to test Adams' results, he twice 

 unconsciously noted the position of the planet 

 Neptune before its discovery at Berlin on 23d 

 September. See ADAMS ( J. C. ). 



Challoner, RICHARD, a learned Roman Catholic 

 prelate, born at Lewes in Sussex, September 29, 

 1691. Becoming a Roman Catholic, he was sent 

 in 1704 to the English College at Douay, where 

 he became a professor, and remained until 1730. 

 In that year he was sent to labour in London, and 

 here he served as a missionary priest until 1741, 

 when he was raised to the episcopal dignity as 

 Bishop of Debra and coadjutor, of Bishop Petre, 

 whom he succeeded as Vicar Apostolic of the 

 London district in 1758. During the ' No Popery ' 

 riots of 1780 he was secreted near Highgate, and he 

 died in London, January 12, 1781. Of Challoner's 

 numerous controversial treatises, the best known 

 is his Catholic Christian Instructed, an answer to 

 Conyers Middleton's Letters from Rome. His 

 Garden of the Soul is still the most popular prayer- 

 book with English Catholics, and his revision of the 

 Douay version of the Bible (5 vols. 1750) is sub- 

 stantially the Bible used by them. Of his histori- 

 cal works the most valuable are his memoirs of 

 missionary priests and other Catholics of both 

 sexes who suffered death or imprisonment in Eng- 

 land on account of their religion, from the year 15.77 

 till the end of the reign of Charles II. (2 vols. 

 1741), and his Britannia Sancta (2 vols. 1745), a 

 collection of the lives of British and Irish saints. 



Chalmers, ALEXANDER, an industrious bio- 

 grapher and miscellanous writer, was born at 

 Aberdeen in 1759. After a course of study at his 

 native university, he abandoned a projected 

 medical career, and repaired to London, where he 

 soon became an active writer for the press and the 

 busiest of booksellers' hacks. He died in London, 

 10th December 1834. His editions of Burns, 

 Beattie, Fielding, Gibbon, Bolingbroke, Shake- 

 speare, Johnson, and Boswell's Johnson are now of 

 no importance ; but that of The British Essayists, 

 in 45 vols. , is still esteemed as accurate and handy. 

 His prefaces to ' Walker's ' Classics (45 vols.), and 

 his enlarged edition of Johnson's Collection of the 

 Poets (21 vols. ), contain much honest work. But 

 his reputation depends mainly on the General 

 Biographical Dictionary (32 vols. 1812-14). 



Chalmers, GEORGE, Scottish antiquary, was 

 born in 1742 at Fochabers in Elginshire, and was 

 educated there and at King's College, Aberdeen. 

 Having afterwards studied law at Edinburgh, in 

 1763 he went to North America, where he practised 

 as a lawyer at Baltimore till the breaking out of 

 the war of independence. Then returning to 

 Britain, he settled in London (1775), and was 

 appointed clerk to the Board of Trade in 1786. 

 The duties of this office he continued to discharge 

 with diligence and ability till his death on 31st 

 May 1825. Of his thirty-three works the chief is 

 Caledonia; an Account, Historical and Typo- 

 graphical, of North Britain (vols. i.-iii. 1807-24). 

 In 1888-89 it was reprinted at Paisley in 7 vols. , 

 comprising the matter prepared for the unpublished 

 4th vol., and furnished with a much-needed index. 

 Among his other publications are A Collection of 

 Treaties between Great Britain and other Powers 

 (2 vols. 1790); Lives of Defoe, Paine, Ruddiman, 

 and Mary, Queen of Scots ; and editions of Allan 

 Ramsay and Lyndsay. 



Chalmers, GEORGE PAUL, R.S.A., was bom at 

 Montrose in 1833 (not 1836). He served as errand- 

 boy to a surgeon, and apprentice to a ship-chandler ; 

 but he was resolved to become an artist, and in 1853 

 he came to Edinburgh, and studied under Scott 

 Lander. His 'Favourite Air,' attracted attention 

 in 1854, and in 1867 he was elected an A.R.S.A., 

 in 1871 an R.S.A. His untimely death at Edin- 

 burgh (28th February 1878) was due to injuries 

 received some days before either from violence or 

 by misadventure. His works are distinguished by 

 admirable breadth, effective concentration of light- 

 ing, freedom of handling, and rich and powerful 

 colouring. He executed some important portraits. 

 His landscapes, mainly of his later years, include 

 ' End of the Harvest ' ( 1873) and ' Running Water ' 

 (1875). He is represented in the National Gallery 

 of Scotland by ' The Legend,' a large unfinished 

 subject-picture, which, like 'Prayer' (1871), has 

 been etched by Rajon. See his Memoir (1879). 



Chalmers, THOMAS, D.D., LL.D., was born at 

 Anstruther, in Fife, 17th March 1780, educated 

 at the university of St Andrews (from 1791 ), and at 

 the age of nineteen licensed to preach the gospel. 

 In 1803 he was ordained minister of the parish 

 of Kilmany, in Fifeshire, about 9 miles from St 

 Andrews. At this period his attention was almost 

 entirely absorbed by mathematics and natural 

 philosophy. He carried on mathematical and 

 chemistry classes in St Andrews during the winter 

 of 1803-1804, and by his enthusiasm and lucidity of 

 exposition obtained for himself a high reputation 

 as a teacher. In 1808 he published an Inquiry into 

 the Extent and Stability of National Resources. 

 Shortly after this, domestic calamities and severe 

 illness rendered him keenly susceptible of re- 

 ligious impressions. Having to prepare an article 

 on Christianity for Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclo- 

 paedia, he commenced a thorough study of the 

 evidences, and rose from his investigations con- 

 vinced that Christianity was the truth, and the 

 Bible the veritable ' word of God. ' Then the great 

 genius of the man broke forth like sunshine. 

 He grew earnest, devout, and faithful to his 

 pastoral duties. In July 1815 he was translated to 

 the Tron Church and parish, Glasgow, where his 

 magnificent oratory took the city by storm. His 

 Astronomical Discourses (1817) and Commercial 

 Discourses (1820) had a widely extended popu- 

 larity. In 1817 he visited London, where his 

 S reaching excited as great a sensation as at home, 

 ut Chalmers' energies could not be exhausted by 

 mere oratory. Discovering that his parish was in a 

 state of great ignorance and immorality, he began 

 to devise a scheme for overtaking and checking 



