CHALMERS 



< HA.M 



87 



tin- alarming evil. It Sl-flllcd til llilll tllilt tll<- 



onl\ means by which tliis could lx> accomplished 



UN ' revivifying, remodelling, uml extending 

 tin- i>l<l parochial economy of Scotland,' which had 

 unit ful *>f ^'oc ul in the rural parishes. In 

 order iii \\reMle more closely with tin- ignorance 

 an, I vice <>l (Jlasgow, Chalnters in 1819 hecanie 

 minister of St John's parish, of whose 2000 

 families, mostly workpeople, more than 800 had 

 no connection with any Christian church. Chalmers 

 luoke up his parish into 25 districts, each of 

 which lie placed under separate management, 

 and established two day schools, and between 



id .V) local Sabbath schools, for the instruc- 

 iion of the children of the 'poorer and neglected 

 elates,' more than 1000 of whom attended. 

 In many other ways he sought to elevate and 

 purify the lives of his parishioners. While in Glas- 

 < 'hairnets had matured his opinions rela- 



!> the best method of providing tor the poor. 

 Hi- ili-liked the English system of a 'compulsory 



fluent,' and preferred the old Scotch method 

 oj voluntary contributions at the church-door, 

 administered by elders. The management of the 

 poor in the parish of St John's was intrusted to his 

 care by the authorities as an experiment, and in 

 four years he reduced the pauper expenditure from 

 1400 to 280 per annum. Edward Irving was for 

 two years his assistant. But such herculean 

 toils began to undermine his constitution, and in 

 1823 he accepted the offer of the Moral Philosophy 

 chair in St Andrews, where he wrote his treatise 

 on the Use and Abuse of Literary and Ecclesi- 

 astical Endowments ( 1827 ). In the following year 

 lie was transferred to the chair of Theology in 

 Mi I in burgh, and in 1832 he published a work on 

 political economy. In 1833 appeared his Bridge- 

 water treatise, On the Adaptation of External 

 Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Constitution 

 of Man. It was received with great favour, and 

 obtained for the author many literary honours ; 

 in 1834 he was elected by the Royal Society of Edin- 

 burgh liist a fellow and then a vice-president, and 

 by the French Institute a corresponding member, 

 while in 1835 the university of Oxford conferred 

 on him the degree of D.C.L. In 1834 he was 

 appointed convener of the Church-extension Com- 

 mittee; and after seven years of enthusiastic 

 labour, he announced that upwards of 300,000 

 hat! been collected from the nation, and 220 new 

 churches built. Meanwhile, however, troubles 

 were springing up in the bosom of the church 

 itself. The Evangelical party had become pre- 

 dominant in the General Assembly ; the struggles 

 in regard to patronage between them and the 

 ' Moderate ' or ' Erastian ' party became keener 

 and more frequent, until the decision of the civil 

 courts in the famous Auchterarder and Strath- 

 bogie cases brought matters to a crisis; ami on 

 the 18th of May 1843 Chalmers, followed by 470 

 clergymen, left the church of his fathers, rather 

 than sacrifice those principles which he believed 

 essential to the purity, honour, and independence 

 <>f the church (see FREE CHURCH). The rapid 

 formation and organisation of the Free Church 

 were greatly owing to his indefatigable exertions. 

 Chalmers was elected principal of the Free Church 

 College, and spent the close of his life in the 

 zealous performance of his duties there, and in 

 completing his Institutes of Theology. He died 

 suddenly at Morningside, Edinburgh, May 30, 1847. 

 The works of Chalmers extend to 34 vols. (9 of 

 which include his posthumous works ). They con- 

 tain valuable and, in some cases, original con- 

 tributions to the sciences of natural theology, 

 Christian apologetics, and social economy; while 

 on minor topics, such as the church-establishment 

 question, they exhibit both novelty and ingenuity 



of argument. AH a religious orator dial mere wan 

 unique and unrivalled. There have been few men 

 in whom such gifts of intellect, feeling, and imagin- 

 ation were so hannoniou-ly combined with the 

 shrewdest common-sense and the highest admini- 

 strative ability. Never did Scotland produce a 

 greater or more lovable soul, one more gentle, 

 guileless, and genial-hearted, or yet more fervid 

 from the strength of a resolute will, before whose 

 impetus difficulties were dashed aside as by a 

 torrent. There have been loftier and more purely 

 original minds in Scotland than Chalmers's, but 

 there has never been a truer one, nor a heart 

 whose Christian faith and piety were more intense, 

 sincere, and humane. 



See his Memoirs, by his son-in-law, Dr W. Hanna (4 

 vols. 1849-52), and his Correspondence ( 1853 ) ; also A Bio- 

 graphical Notice by Dean Ramsay (1850), an Essay by 

 Dr John Brown in his Horce Sukseciwe, and small books 

 on him by D. Fraser (1881) and Mrs Oliphant (1893). 



Chalons-sur-ftlarne, the capital of the 

 French department of Marne, on the right bank of 

 the river Marne, 107 miles E. of Paris by rail. An 

 old place, with timber houses and many spired 

 churches, it has an interesting cathedral, dating 

 chiefly from the 13th century, a handsome hdtel- 

 de-vifle (1772), and a fine public park, though the 

 Germans cut down its immemorial elms for fuel. 

 It still does a considerable trade in Champagne 

 wine ; but its manufacture of the worsted cloth 

 known as ' shalloon ' ( Chaucer's chalons ) is a thing 

 of the past, and the population has dwindled from 

 60,000 in the 13th century to 19,639 in 1891. Near 

 Chalons, which takes its name from the Catalauni 

 of Latin writers, the Romans and Goths in 451 

 A.D. defeated Attila(q.v.) and his host of Huns. 

 In 1856 Napoleon III. formed the celebrated camp 

 of Chalons, 16 miles to the north-east of the town. 

 Hence, during the Franco- Prussian war, on the 

 night of August 21, 1870, MacMahon withdrew his 

 troops, and next day the town was occupied by 

 the Germans. 



Chftlon-SUr-Sa6ne (ancient Cabillonum), a 

 town in the French department of Sadne-et- Loire, 

 84J miles by rail N. of Lyons. Lying on the right 

 bank of the Sa6ne, at the point where that river 

 is joined by the Canal du Centre, uniting it with 

 the Loire, ChAlon has an extensive traffic with the 

 central districts of France, as well as with the 

 Mediterranean and Atlantic. Fine quays and 

 houses line the river ; and the chief building is 

 the church of St Vincent, 14th to 15th century. 

 The industries are copper and iron founding, 

 machinery and shipbuilding, and the manufacture 

 of glass, paper, and chemicals. Pop. ( 1872) 20,055 ; 

 ( 1886 ) 22,208 ; ( 1891 ) 22,974. 



Chalybseus. HEINRICH MORITZ, philosopher, 

 born at Pfaffroda in Saxony, 3d July 1796, spent 

 some years in teaching, and was appointed in 1839 



S'ofessor of Philosophy in the university of Kiel, 

 e was dismissed, however, in 1852, owing to his 

 Germanic sympathies, and died at Dresden, 22d 

 September 1862. His chief work is his System der 

 speculativen Ethik (1850); and his review of the 

 historical development of speculative philosophy 

 has been translated into English by Tulk(1854) 

 and Edersheim (1860). 



Chalybeate Waters are those which contain 

 a considerable portion of iron in solution. Be* 

 MINERAL WATERS. 



Chalybite, an iron ore. See IRON. 



Cham, the pseudonym assumed by the carica- 

 turist, Amedee de Noe (Cham being the French 

 for Ham, the son of Noah), son of the Comte 

 de Noe by an English mother, and born at 

 Paris in 1819. He studied art under Delaroche, 



