CHAMPAIGN 



M 



very like genuine champagne. Ami much chain- 



c is made mi French methods in Californiu. 



ether it is estimated tlmt the French dUtrid 



.Imut 25,000,000 bottle*, of which nearly 



20,000,000 are e\|x>rted (the exj>oit being five times 



is in 1S44). See Vizetelly's monograph 



>n ilu- subject (1882). 



4'hampaiuii. a city of Illinois, r_'s mil.- 

 ^\\. <>f Chicago hy rail. It has furniture and 

 >n factories, a female seminary, and the Illi- 

 nois Industrial University (1868)'. Pop. (1890)' 



Miainparan. a British Indian district in the 

 N \\ corner of Uehar, with an area of 3531 sq. m. 



< ha mpaiM v. or CHAMPERTY ( a Norman-French 

 word derived from campi pars = the right of the 

 feudal lord to take part of the produce of land cul- 

 tivated by his tenants), means in English law a 

 liar^ain whereby the one party is to assist the other 

 in recovering property, and is to share in the pro- 

 ceeds. All such oargains are illegal, and therefore 

 null and void. More particularly an agreement to 

 advance funds, or supply evidence, or professional 

 assistance, for remuneration contingent on success, 

 and proportional to, or to be paid out of property 



red, is illegal ; so is a purchase by a solicitor 

 from his client 01 the subject matter or a pending 

 suit ; so is every such purchase, if the real object 

 i- <mly to enable the purchaser to maintain the 

 suit. A man may, however, lawfully sell evidence, 

 and may lawfully purchase an interest in property, 

 though adverse claims exist which make litigation 

 necessary for realising that interest. 'The sale of 

 a mere right to sue is bad, the right to complain of 

 a Hand is not a marketable commodity.' Cham- 

 party, as one form of Maintenance (q.v.), was made 

 criminal by various old English statutes, but these 

 me never enforced, and tne Criminal Law Com- 

 mission recommended their repeal. In Scotland 

 then; is no law against maintenance and champarty. 

 There is a common-law doctrine against what were 

 in the Roman law called pacta de quota litis i.e. 

 purchases of litigations by professional men con- 

 nected with the suit, who thus had exceptional 

 advantages in making such a contract. But this 

 would not probably be held to strike against an 

 agreement by a non-professional person to advance 

 funds for litigation on terms depending on the 

 result, provided the terms were not extortionate or 

 unconscionable. A Scottish act of 1594 prohibits 

 the purchases of pleas by advocates or agents. In 

 lx>tli countries a solicitor can lawfully agree to 

 charge nothing except in event of success ; and by 

 recent statute, agreements for the division of 

 profits between town and country agents are 

 niadu legal. Although there are traces of the law 

 of champarty in the United States, the American 

 law resembles that of Scotland more than that of 

 England. Contracts by solicitors for contingent 



to the extent even of one-half the oroperty in 

 dispute, have been sustained. In general, however, 

 the American law construes professional contracts 

 as merely giving security for the true worth of the 

 services rendered. 



< hainpllriiry. the assumed name of JULES 

 FI.KURY-HUSSON, French author, born at Laon, 

 loth September 1821, achieved some distinction as 

 a realistic writer of plays and romances. Works 

 of greater value, however, are those on the history 

 of caricature, of literature, and of art from 1825 to 

 1840, and his Bibliographic Ceramique (1882). He 

 died director of the potteries at Sevres, 7th Decem- 

 ber 1889. 



Champion (Low Lat. campio, from Low Lat. 

 campus, 'a combat,' whence also A.S. camp, 'a 

 fight'). In the judicial combats of the middle 

 ages, it was allowed to women, children, and 



aged persona, except in cases of high treason 

 or of parricide, to appear in the lint* by a repre- 

 sentative. Such a hired combatant was called 

 a champion. Those who followed thin profes- 

 sion were generally of the lowest clam, anu were 

 held disreputable (see BATTLE, WAGER OF). At 

 a later period, in the age of chivalry, the word 

 champion came to have a more dignified accepta- 

 tion, and signified a knight who entered the list* on 

 behalf of an injured lady, of a child, or of any one 

 incapable of self-defence (see CHIVALRY). In Eng- 

 land, the crown had its champion, the Champion of 

 England, who, mounted on horseback and armed 

 to the teeth, challenged, at every coronation at 

 Westminster, all who should deny the king to be 

 the lawful sovereign. This office is said by Dugdale 

 to have been conferred by William the Conqueror 

 on Robert de Marmion, with the Lincolnshire 

 manor of Scrivelsby ; and by reason of his tenure 

 of that manor, the championship was claimed under 

 Henry IV. by Thomas Dymoke. Henry Lionel 

 Dymoke, who died in 1875, was the nineteenth 

 member of this family who held the office. But 

 the ceremonies of the championship were last exer- 

 cised at the coronation of George IV. See Notes 

 and Queries (1887) and Lodge's Scrivelsby (1893). 



4 liamplain . a beautiful lake separating the 

 states of New York and Vermont, and penetrating, 

 at its north end, about 6 miles into the Dominion 

 of Canada. Lying 91 feet above sea-level, it is 110 

 miles long, by from 1 to 15 broad, empties itself 

 into the St Lawrence by the Richelieu River, and 

 has communication by canal with the Hudson. 

 The lake, now an important trade channel, was 

 the scene of several incidents of the French and 

 Indian revolutionary wars ; and here a British 

 flotilla was defeated by the Americans, llth Sep- 

 tember 1814. It was discovered by Cham plain 

 in 1609. 



4 liamplain, SAMUEL DE, French governor of 

 Canada, and founder of Quebec, was born at 

 Brouage in Saintonge in 1567, and in 1603 made 

 his first voyage to Canada. In 1604-7 he was 

 engaged in exploring the coasts, ami on his third 

 voyage in 1608 he founded Quebec. In 1612 he 

 was appointed lieutenant of Canada (under an 

 honorary governor ) ; and the following years were 

 occupied with attacks on the Iroquois, explor- 

 ations of the interior, and journeys to France, 

 until 1629, when he had to surrender to an English 

 fleet, and was carried captive to England. Liber- 

 ated in 1632, he returned to Canada in 1633, and 

 died there in 1635. He published several works, 

 reprinted at Quebec, in 4 vols. 1870. 



4 ham plain Period, the name given by Pro- 

 fessor Dana to the period succeeding the glacial, 

 and therefore to some extent equivalent to the post- 

 glacial period of English geologists. See PLEISTO- 

 CENE OR GLACIAL SYSTEM. 



Champollion, JEAN FRANCOIS, the founder 

 of modern Egyptology, distinguished from his 

 elder brother *as 'Champollion the younger,' 

 was born December 23, 1791, at Figeac, in the 

 French department of Lot. He was educated at 

 Grenoble, and devoted himself from his boyhood 

 to the study of oriental languages, especially 

 Coptic. In 1807 he went to Paris to pursue th cu- 

 stodies, and in 1816 he became professor of History 

 at the Lyceum of Grenoble. He had already pub- 

 lished (1811-14) the first two volumes of a large 

 work entitled U6gijpte sous les Pharaons (3 vols.), 

 in which he reproduced, by means of Coptic docu- 

 ments, the national geography of Egypt, when he 

 was expelled from his chair for his Bonapartist 

 sympathies. Comparison of the monuments with 

 the MSS. led him to the conviction that the three 

 systems of Egyptian writing, the hieratic, demotic, 



