CHAN DUCK 



(1IANNKL ISLANDS 



'J'J 



(ITTti). Chandler was made P.D. in 1773, and 



ward* held i>refennents in Hants and at Tile- 



Imi-i, HIM) Reading, in Berks, where he died 9th 



rVUnaiA I sin. 



4 handler, SAMUEL, an English Nonconformist 



divine, IxuiiHt I lim^n t'md in 1(593, became minister 



rrr.-l>\ ti-iian Hmrrli at Feckham, and pri-arlied 



. old .It-wry from 1726 until his death in 



I Till. lit- was an industrious writer, and pub- 



li>hed especially a large number of works relating 



t ( IK- deist controversy and to Catholicism. 



< ha ml or. a town in the province of Bombay, 



I- - \E. of Nasik. Its fort, commanding an 

 important pass on the route between Khandesh 

 :in<l llombay, crowns a hill 3994 feet .high. It 

 -in Ti-ndi -ml to the British in 1804, and was finally 

 ceded by Holkar in 1818. Pop. 4892. 



<'h a lidos, a great English family, descended 

 trm.'i a follower of William the Conqueror, the last 

 iv|nt>sentative in the direct male line being Sir 

 .lolin Cliandos (died 1428), whose sister married 

 inn- <;iles Brydges. Their descendant, Sir John 

 Hrvdges, was lieutenant of the Tower under Queen 

 Mary, and was created Baron Chandos in 1554. 

 James lirvdges (1673-1744), eighth Lord Chandos, 

 sat in parliament for Hereford from 1698 to 1714, and 

 was created Duke of Chandos in 1719. The lucra- 

 tivt jH)st of paymaster of the forces abroad (1707- 

 1'J i -implied means for building a palace at Canons, 

 near Edgware, which cost 200,000, but was torn 

 down at the duke's death. Here Handel lived two 

 is, and produced 'Esther.' In 1796 the title 



Bi>M'd by marriage to the Grenvilles, till 1889 the 

 ukcs or Buckingham and Chandos. See Memoir 

 of lirst Duke by J. R. Robinson ( 1893). 



< handpiir. a town of British India, in the 

 North- west Provinces, 19 miles S. of Bijnaur. 

 Pop. 11,182. 



Chandragupta. See SANDROCOTTUS. 



riiaiitfarnier, NICOLAS ANNE THEODULE, a 

 Kn-ncli general, born at Autun in 1793, was edu- 

 cated at Saint-Cyr, and went in 1830 to Algeria, 

 win-re for eighteen years he saw all the active 

 service there was to be seen. On the proclamation 

 of the Republic in 1848 he acted as provisional 

 governor-general of Algeria, but returned to Paris 

 to take command of the garrisons of Paris and of 

 tin- National Guard. He did much to check the 

 Mitltreaks of the anarchist party during 1849. In 

 tin- legislative Assembly he held a sort of neutral 

 {Misition between the Orleanists and the Legitimists, 

 whilst opposing the Bonapartist party. At the 

 coup cFttat in December 1851, after being im- 

 iirisnned in Hani, he went into exile till the Franco- 

 Prussian war, when he offered his services to 

 Napoleon III. He was in Metz with Bazaine, 

 and, on its capitulation, retired to Brussels. He 

 returned to France in 1871, entered the Assembly, 

 and assisted M. Thiers in reorganising the army. 

 Hi- died at Versailles, February 14, 1877. 



4'hailtf-C'llOW, a city of China, in the province 

 "f 1'o-kien, 28 miles W. by S. of Atnoy. Pop. 

 estimated at 1,000,000. 



(hang-Chow, a city of China, in the province 

 "i Kiang-su, about 50 miles E. by S. of Nanking. 

 I '<>|'. 360,000. 



< liangcling. It was at one time a common 



i that infants were sometimes taken from their 

 nulles by fairies, who left instead their own 

 weakly and starveling elves. The children so left 

 were called changelings, and were marked by their 

 peevishness, and their backwardness in learning to 

 walk and speak. As it was supposed that the fairies 

 lad no power to change children who had been 

 hristened, infants were carefully watched until 

 imch time as that ceremony had been performed. 



This superstition is alluded to by Shake*neare, 

 Spenser, and other poets, and is an essential part 

 of the dot-trine of fairy-lore almost everywhere. 

 See Sikes's British Goblin* ( 1879). 



Chang-Shu, a city of China, capital of the 

 province of Hu-nan, on the Heng-kiang, a tribu- 

 tary of the Yang-tee. Pop. 300,000. 



4 'hank-shell (Tyanka), the popular name of 

 the shell of several species of Turbinella, a genus 

 of ( Prosobranchiate ) Gasteropod molluscs, natives 



Cliank-shell. 



of the East Indian seas. These shells (especially 

 T. rapa and T. pyrum) are obtained chiefly on the 

 coasts of the south of India and Ceylon, and form a 

 considerable article of trade to Calcutta. They are 

 much used as ornaments by Hindu women. A 

 chank-shell opening to the right is rare, and is 

 highly prized in Calcutta, so that a price of 50, 

 or even 100, is sometimes paid for one. 



Channel, THE ENGLISH (La Manche, 'Sleeve,' 

 of the French, and the Mare Britannicum of the 

 Romans ), is the narrow sea which, since the glacial 

 period, separates England and France. On the 

 east, it joins the North Sea at the Strait of Dover, 

 where it is narrowest, being only 21 miles wide 

 from Dover to Cape Gris-Nez. From this strait it 

 runs west-south-west for 280 miles, and joins the 

 Atlantic Ocean at the Chops, with a breadth of 

 100 miles between the Scilly Isles and Ushant Isle. 

 With an average breadth of 70 miles, it is 90 miles 

 wide from Brighton to Havre ; 60 miles from Port- 

 land Bill to Cape La Hague ; 140 miles its 

 greatest breadth from Sidmouth to St Malo ; 

 and 100 to 110 miles west of the latter line. It 

 occupies 23,900 square geographical miles, and 

 contains the Channel Isles, Ushant Isle, Isle of 

 Wight, and many islets and rocks, especially off 

 the coast of Brittany. It is shallowest at the 

 Strait of Dover, where a chalk ridge at the depth 

 of twelve to thirty fathoms joins England and 

 France. West of this, the average depth of the 

 central portion is thirty fathoms, with hollows 

 from forty to sixty-two fathoms deep. The 

 English coast-line of the Channel is 390 miles 

 long, and the French coast-line is 570 miles long. 

 Westerly winds prevail, and the current, though 

 imperceptible, is always from west to east. The 

 English Channel abounds in fish, of which the rhief 

 are pilchard, mackerel, and oysters. See CHANNEL 

 TUNNEL. 



Channel Islands, THE, a group of small 

 islands off the NW. coast of France, which formed 

 part of the old duchy of Normandy, and has 

 remained subject to the British crown. The near- 

 est points are about twelve miles from the French 

 coast. The principal islands are four in miniU-r 

 Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and Guernsey (i-v.); 

 amongst the others being the Casquets, Burhou, 

 Brecqnou, Jethou, Herm, the Minquiers, and the 

 Chausseys. The total area is 75 so. in. ; and the 

 total population has increased slightly, from 90,739 

 in 1851 to 92,272 in 1891. Originally a portion of 

 the Continent, they were thinly peopled by the race 

 probably neolithic who raised the cromlechs and 

 other monuments of unhewn stone which are coin- 



